Chapter 3 IPv6 Addressing At the end of this chapter,you should be able to do the following: ■Describe the IPv6 address space,and state why the address length of128 bits was chosen. ■Describe IPve6 address syntax,including zero suppression and compression and prefixes. ■Enumerate and describe the function of the different types of unicast IPve6 addresses. ■Describe the format of multicast IPv6 addresses. ■Describe the function of anycast IPve6 addresses. ■Describe how IPve6 interface identifiers are determined. Describe how to perform bit-level subnetting on the subnet identifier portion of a unicast IPv6 address prefix. List and compare the different addressing concepts between IPv4 addresses and IPv6 addresses. The IPv6 Address Space The most obvious distinguishing feature of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)is its use of much larger addresses.The size of an address in IPv6 is 128 bits,a bit-string that is four times longer than the 32-bit IPv4 address.A 32-bit address space allows for 232,or 4,294,967,296, possible addresses.A 128-bit address space allows for 2128,or 340,282,366,920,938,463,463. 374,607,431,768,211,456(3.4×1038or340 undecillion),possible addresses. In the late 1970s,when the IPv4 address space was designed,it was unimaginable that it could ever be exhausted.However,the administrative procedures that defined address alloca- tion did not anticipate the recent explosion of hosts on the Internet.The IPv4 address space was thus consumed to the point that,by 1992,it was clear a replacement would be necessary. With IPv6,it is even more difficult to conceive that the IPv6 address space will ever be con- sumed.To help put this number in perspective,a128-bit address space provides6.65×1023 addresses for each square meter of the Earth's surface. It is important to remember that the decision to make the IPv6 address 128 bits in length was not so that every square meter of the Earth could have6.65×1023 addresses.Rather,the relatively large size of the IPv6 address is designed to be divided into hierarchical unicast routing domains that reflect the topology of the modern-day Internet.The use of 128 bits allows for multiple levels of hierarchy and flexibility in designing hierarchical unicast addressing and routing that is currently lacking on the IPv4-based Internet. 49
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50 Understanding IPv6,Second Edition It is easy to get lost in the vastness of the IPv6 address space.As we will discover,the unthink- ably large 128-bit IPv6 address that is assigned to an interface on a typical IPv6 host is com- posed of a 64-bit subnet prefix and a 64-bit interface identifier(a 50-50 split between subnet space and interface space).The 64 bits of subnet prefix leave enough addressing room to satisfy the addressing requirements of the levels of Internet service providers(ISPs)between your organization and the backbone of the Internet and the addressing needs of your organi- zation.The 64 bits of interface identifier accommodate the mapping of current and future link-layer media access control (MAC)addresses. IPv6 Address Syntax IPv4 addresses are represented in dotted-decimal format.The 32-bit IPy4 address is divided along 8-bit boundaries.Each set of 8 bits is converted to its decimal equivalent and separated by periods.For IPv6,the 128-bit address is divided along 16-bit boundaries,and each 16-bit block is converted to a 4-digit hexadecimal number and separated by colons.The resulting representation is called colon hexadecimal. The following is an IPv6 address in binary form: 0010000000000001000011011011100000000000000000000010111100111011 0000001010101010000000001111111111111110001010001001110001011010 The 128-bit address is divided along 16-bit boundaries: 0010000000000001000011011011100000000000000000000010111100111011 0000001010101010 0000000011111111 1111111000101000 1001110001011010 Each 16-bit block is converted to hexadecimal and delimited with colons.The result is the fol- lowing: 2001:0DB8:0000:2F3B:02AA:00FF:FE28:9C5A IPv6 address representation is further simplified by suppressing the leading zeros within each 16-bit block.However,each block must have at least a single digit.With leading zero suppres- sion,the result is the following: 2001:DB8:0:2F3B:2AA:FfF:FE28:9C5A Number System Choice for IPv6 IPv6 uses hexadecimal(the Base 6 numbering system),rather than decimal(the Base1o numbering system),because it is easier to convert between hexadecimal and binary than it is to convert between decimal and binary.Each hexadecimal digit represents four binary digits
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Chapter 3 IPv6 Addressing 51 With IPv4,decimal is used to make the IPv4 addresses more palatable for humans and a 32-bit address becomes 4 decimal numbers separated by the period (.)character.With IPv6, dotted-decimal representation would result in 16 decimal numbers separated by the period (.)character.IPv6 addresses are so large that there is no attempt to make them palatable to most humans.Configuration of typical end systems is automated,and end users will almost always use names rather than IPv6 addresses.Therefore,the addresses are expressed in a way to make them more palatable to computers and IPv6 network administrators who understand the semantics and relationship of hexadecimal and binary numbers. Table 3-1 lists the conversion between binary,hexadecimal,and decimal numbers. Table 3-1 Converting Between Binary,Hexadecimal,and Decimal Numbers Binary Hexadecimal Decimal 0000 0 0 0001 1 1 0010 2 2 0011 3 3 0100 4 4 0101 5 5 0110 6 6 0111 1 7 1000 8 8 1001 9 9 1010 A 10 1011 B 11 1100 ( 12 1101 13 1110 E 14 1111 F 15 Compressing Zeros Some types of IPv6 addresses contain long sequences of zeros.To further simplify the representation of IPv6 addresses,a single contiguous sequence of 16-bit blocks set to 0 in the colon hexadecimal format can be compressed to :known as a double colon.For example. the link-local address of FE80:0:0:0:2AA:FF:FE9A:4CA2 can be compressed to FE80::2AA:FF: FE9A:4CA2.The multicast address FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 can be compressed to FF02::2. Note You cannot use zero compression to include part of a 16-bit block.For example,you cannot express FF02:30:0:0:0:0:0:5 as FF02:3::5,but FF02:30::5 is correct
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52 Understanding IPv6,Second Edition How Many Blocks or Bits in : To determine how many 0 blocks are represented by the::,you can count the number of blocks in the compressed address and subtract this number from 8.To determine how many 0 bits are represented by the::,multiply the number of blocks the::represents by 16.For example,in the address FF02:2,there are two blocks(the "FF02"block and the "2"block).The number of blocks expressed by the :is 6(8-2).The number of bits expressed by the::is 96(96=6x 16).Zero compression can be used only once in a given address.Otherwise,you could not determine the number of0 blocks or bits represented by each instance of :: IPv6 Prefixes The prefix is the part of the address where the bits have fixed values or are the bits that define a route or subnet.Prefixes for IPv6 subnets and summarized routes are expressed in the same way as Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)notation for IPv4.An IPv6 prefix is written in address/prefix-length notation. For example,2001:DB8:2A0:2F3B::/64 is a subnet prefix and 2001:DB8:3F::/48 is a summa- rized route prefix.As described earlier in this chapter,the 64-bit prefix is used for individual subnets to which nodes are attached.All subnets have a 64-bit prefix.Any prefix that is less than 64 bits is a summarized route or an address range that is summarizing a portion of the IPv6 address space. Note IPv4 implementations commonly use a dotted-decimal representation of the prefix length known as the subnet mask.A subnet mask is not used for IPv6.Only the prefix length notation is supported. An IPv6 prefix is relevant only for routes or address ranges,not for individual unicast addresses.In IPv4,it is common to express an IPv4 address with its prefix length.For exam- ple,192.168.29.7/24 (equivalent to 192.168.29.7 with the subnet mask 255.255.255.0) denotes the IPv4 address 192.168.29.7 with a 24-bit subnet mask.Because IPv4 addresses are no longer class-based,you cannot assume the class-based subnet mask based on the value of the leading octet.The prefix length is included so that you can determine which bits identify the subnet and which bits identify the host on the subnet.Because the number of bits used to identify the subnet in IPv4 is variable,the prefix length is needed to separate the subnet prefix from the host ID. In common IPv6 practice,however,there is no notion of a variable-length subnet prefix.At the individual IPv6 subnet level for currently defined unicast IPv6 addresses,the number of bits used to identify the subnet is always 64 and the number of bits used to identify the host on the subnet is always 64.Therefore,while unicast IPv6 addresses written with their prefix lengths
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Chapter 3 IPv6 Addressing 53 are permitted in RFC 4291,in practice their prefix lengths are always 64 and therefore do not need to be expressed.For example,there is no need to express the IPv6 unicast address 2001:DB8::2AC4:2AA:FF:FE9A:82D4 as 2001:DB8::2AC4:2AA:FF:FE9A:82D4/64.Because of the 50-50 split of subnet prefixes and interface identifiers,the unicast IPv6 address 2001:DB8::2AC4:2AA:FF:FE9A:82D4 implies that the subnet prefix is 2001:DB8:0:0:2AC4:/64. Note Address prefixes with a prefix length longer than 64 bits can be used for point-to- point links between routers. Types of IPv6 Addresses There are three types of IPv6 addresses: Unicast A unicast address identifies a single interface within the scope of the type of address.The scope of an address is the region of the IPv6 network over which the address is unique.With the appropriate unicast routing topology,packets addressed to a unicast address are delivered to a single interface.To accommodate load-balancing systems,RFC 4291 allows for multiple interfaces to use the same address as long as they appear as a single interface to the IPv6 implementation on the host. Multicast A multicast address identifies zero or more interfaces on the same or different hosts.With the appropriate multicast routing topology,packets addressed to a multicast address are delivered to all interfaces identified by the address. Anycast An anycast address identifies multiple interfaces.With the appropriate unicast routing topol- ogy,packets addressed to an anycast address are delivered to a single interface-the nearest interface that is identified by the address.The nearest interface is defined as being the closest in terms of routing distance.A multicast address is used for one-to-many communication, with delivery to multiple interfaces.An anycast address is used for one-to-one-of-many communication,with delivery to a single interface. In all cases,IPv6 addresses identify interfaces,not nodes.A node is identified by any unicast address assigned to any one of its interfaces. Note RFC 4291 does not define a broadcast address.All types of IPv4 broadcast addressing are performed in IPv6 using multicast addresses.For example,the subnet and limited broadcast addresses from IPv4 are replaced with the link-local scope all-nodes multicast address of FF02::1
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