54 Understanding IPv6,Second Edition Unicast IPv6 Addresses The following types of addresses are unicast IPv6 addresses: Global unicast addresses Link-local addresses Site-local addresses Unique local addresses ■Special addresses Transition addresses Global Unicast Addresses IPv6 global addresses are equivalent to public IPv4 addresses.They are globally routable and reachable on the IPv6 Internet.Global unicast addresses are designed to be aggregated or summarized for an efficient routing infrastructure.Unlike the current IPv4-based Internet. which is a mixture of both flat and hierarchical routing,the IPv6-based Internet has been designed from its foundation to support efficient,hierarchical addressing and routing.The scope of a global address is the entire IPv6 Internet. RFC 4291 defines global addresses as all addresses that are not the unspecified,loopback, link-local unicast,or multicast addresses(described later in this chapter).However,Figure 3-1 shows the structure of global unicast addresses defined in RFC 3587 that are currently being used on the IPv6 Internet. 48 bits 45 bits 16 bits 64 bits Global Routing Prefix Subnet ID Interface ID 001 Figure 3-1 The structure of global unicast addresses defined in RFC 3587 The fields in the global unicast address are described in the following list: Fixed portion set to 001 The three high-order bits are set to 001. Global Routing Prefix Indicates the global routing prefix for a specific organization's site.The combination of the three fixed bits and the 45-bit Global Routing Prefix is used to create a 48-bit site prefix,which is assigned to an individual site of an organization.A site is an autonomously operating IP-based network that is connected to the IPv6 Internet. Network architects and administrators within the site determine the addressing plan and
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Chapter 3 IPv6 Addressing 55 routing policy for the organization network.Once assigned,routers on the IPv6 Internet forward IPv6 traffic matching the 48-bit prefix to the routers of the organization's site. Subnet ID The Subnet ID is used within an organization's site to identify subnets within its site.The size of this field is 16 bits.The organization's site can use these 16 bits within its site to create 65,536 subnets or multiple levels of addressing hierarchy and an efficient routing infrastructure.With 16 bits of subnetting flexibility,a global unicast pre fix assigned to an organization site is equivalent to a public IPv4 Class A address prefix (assuming that the last octet is used for identifying nodes on subnets).The routing struc- ture of the organization's network is not visible to the ISP. Interface ID Indicates the interface on a specific subnet within the site.The size of this field is 64 bits.The interface ID in IPv6 is equivalent to the node ID or host ID in IPv4. Trillions of Sites Another way to gauge the practical size of the IPv6 address space is to examine the num- ber of sites that can connect to the IPv6 Internet.With the current allocation practice defined in RFC 3587 of 48-bit global address prefixes,it is possible to define 245 or 35,184,372,088,832 possible 48-bit prefixes to assign to sites connected to the IPv6 Internet.There are more IPv6 sites than possible IPv4 addresses.This large number of sites is possible even when we are using only one-eighth of the entire IPv6 address space. By comparison,using the Internet address classes originally defined for IPv4,it was pos- sible to assign 2,113,389 address prefixes to organizations connected to the Internet. The number 2,113,389 is derived from adding up all the possible Class A,Class B,and Class C address prefixes and then subtracting the prefixes used for the private address space.Even with the adoption of CIDR to make more efficient use of unassigned Class A and Class B address prefixes,the number of possible sites connected to the Internet is not substantially increased,nor does it approach the number of possible sites that can be connected to the IPv6 Internet. Topologies Within Global Addresses The fields within the global address create a three-level topological structure,as shown in Figure 3-2. -001 Global Routing Prefix Subnet ID Interface ID 48 bits 16 bits 64 bits Public Topology Site Interface ldentifier Topology Figure 3-2 The topological structure of the global address
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56 Understanding IPv6,Second Edition The public topology is the collection of larger and smaller ISPs that provide access to the IPv6 Internet.The site topology is the collection of subnets within an organization's site.The interface identifier specifies a unique interface on a subnet within an organization's site. Local-Use Unicast Addresses Local-use unicast addresses do not have a global scope and can be reused.There are two types of local-use unicast addresses: 1.Link-local addresses are used between on-link neighbors and for Neighbor Discovery processes. 2.Site-local addresses are used between nodes communicating with other nodes in the same organization. Link-Local Addresses IPv6 link-local addresses,identified by the initial 10 bits being set to 1111 1110 10 and the next 54 bits set to 0,are used by nodes when communicating with neighboring nodes on the same link.For example,on a single-link IPv6 network with no router,link-local addresses are used to communicate between hosts on the link.IPv6 link-local addresses are similar to IPv4 link-local addresses defined in RFC 3927 that use the 169.254.0.0/16 prefix.The use of IPv4 link-local addresses is known as Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)in Windows Vista,Windows Server 2008,Windows Server 2003,and Windows XP.The scope of a link- local address is the local link Figure 3-3 shows the structure of the link-local address. 10 bits 54 bits 64 bits 000.000 Interface ID -1111111010 Figure 3-3 The structure of the link-local address A link-local address is required for some Neighbor Discovery processes and is always automat- ically configured,even in the absence of all other unicast addresses.For more information about the address autoconfiguration process for link-local addresses,see Chapter 8,"Address Autoconfiguration. Link-local addresses always begin with FE80.With the 64-bit interface identifier,the prefix for link-local addresses is always FE80::/64.An IPv6 router never forwards link-local traffic beyond the link
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Chapter 3 IPv6 Addressing 57 Site-Local Addresses Site-local addresses,identified by setting the first 10 bits to 1111 1110 11,are equivalent to the IPv4 private address space(10.0.0.0/8,172.16.0.0/12,and 192.168.0.0/16).For example,pri vate intranets that do not have a direct,routed connection to the IPv6 Internet can use site- local addresses without conflicting with global addresses.Site-local addresses are not reach- able from other sites,and routers must not forward site-local traffic outside the site.Site-local addresses can be used in addition to global addresses.The scope of a site-local address is the site. Figure 3-4 shows the structure of the site-local address. 10 bits 54 bits 64 bits Subnet ID Interface ID 1111111011 Figure 3-4 The structure of the site-local address Unlike link-local addresses,site-local addresses are not automatically configured and must be assigned either through stateless or stateful address autoconfiguration.For more information, see Chapter 8. The first 10 bits are always fixed for site-local addresses,beginning with FECO:/10.After the 10 fixed bits is a 54-bit Subnet ID field that provides 54 bits with which you can create subnets within your organization.You can have a flat subnet structure,or you can divide the high- order bits of the Subnet ID field to create a hierarchical and summarizable routing infrastruc- ture.After the Subnet ID field is a 64-bit Interface ID field that identifies a specific interface on a subnet. Site-local addresses have been formally deprecated in RFC 3879 for future IPv6 implementations. However,existing implementations of IPv6 can continue to use site-local addresses. Zone IDs for Local-Use Addresses Unlike global addresses,local-use addresses (link-local and site-local addresses)can be reused.Link-local addresses are reused on each link.Site-local addresses can be reused within each site of an organization.Because of this address reuse capability,link-local and site-local addresses are ambiguous.To specify the link on which the destination is located or the site within which the destination is located,an additional identifier is needed.This additional identifier is a zone identifier(ID),also known as a scope ID,which identifies a connected por- tion of a network that has a specified scope
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58 Understanding IPv6,Second Edition The syntax specified in RFC 4007 for identifying the zone associated with a local-use address is Address%zone ID.in which Address is a local-use unicast IPv6 address and zone ID is an integer value representing the zone.The values of the zone ID are defined relative to the sending host.Therefore,different hosts might determine different zone ID values for the same physical zone.For example,Host A might choose 3 to represent the zone of an attached link and Host B might choose 4 to represent the same link. For Windows-based IPv6 hosts,the zone IDs for link-local and site-local addresses are defined as follows: For link-local addresses,the zone ID is typically the interface index of the interface either assigned the address or to be used as the sending interface for a link-local destination. The interface index is an integer starting at 1 that is assigned to IPv6 interfaces,which include a loopback and one or multiple LAN or tunnel interfaces.Multiple interfaces can have the same link-local zone ID if they are attached to the same link.You can view the list of interface indexes from the display of the netsh interface ipv6 show interface command.You must include a zone ID with a link-local destination. For site-local addresses,the zone ID is the site ID,an integer assigned to the site of an organization.For organizations that do not reuse the site-local address prefix,the site ID is set to I by default and does not need to be specified.In Windows,you can view the site ID from the display of the netsh interface ipv6 show address level=verbose command. The following are examples of using Windows tools and the zone ID: ping fe80::2b0:doff:fee9:4143%3 In this case,3 is the interface index of the interface attached to the link containing the destination address. tracert feco::f282:2b0:doff:fee9:4143%2 In this case,2 is the site ID of the organization site containing the destination address. In Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008,the Ipconfig.exe tool displays the zone ID of local-use IPv6 addresses.The following is an excerpt from the display of the ipconfig com- mand: Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix.:ecoast.example.com IPv6 Address,··,·,,·,·,:2001:db8:21da:7:713e:a426:d167:37ab Temporary IPv6 Address......:2001:db8:21da:7:5099:ba54:9881:2e54 Link-local IPv6 Address.....:fe80::713e:a426:d167:37ab%6 IPv4 Address.····,····,:157.60.14.11 Subnet Mask······,.···:255.255.255.0 Default Gateway.........fe80:20a:42ff:feb0:5400%6 157,60.14.1 For the link-local addresses in the display of the ipconfig command,the zone ID indicates the interface index of the interface either assigned the address (for Link-Local IPv6 Address)or the interface through which an address is reachable(for Default Gateway)
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