《光谱学手册》（英文版）Handbook of Spectroscopy

VIll Contents 13.4.29.2 Instrumentation 553 13. 29.3 Analytical Information 553 3.4.29.4 Performance Criteria 553 13.4.29.5 Application 13.4.30 Photoemission Electron Microscopy 553 13.4.30.1 Introduction 554 13. 430.2 Instrumentation 554 34.30.3 Sample554 13. 4.30.4 Analytical Information 554 13. 4.30.5 Performance Criteria 554 13.4.31 Positron Annihilation Auger Electron Spectroscopy 555 3.431.1 Introduction 555 13.4.31.2 Instrumentation 555 134.31.3 Sample556 13.4.31.4 Analytical Information 556 13. 4.31.5 Performance Criteria 556 13.4. 31.7 Other Techniques 557 13.4.32 Raman Spectroscopy 557 13.4.32.1 Introduction 557 13. 4.32.2 Instrumentation 557 34.323 Sample557 13.4. 32.4 Analytical Information 558 13. 4.32.5 Performance Criteria 558 13. 4.32.6 Application 558 13.4.33 Reflection-absorption Spectroscopy 559 3.4,33.1 Introduction 559 13.4.33.2 Instrumentation 559 13.4.33. 3 Sample 559 13.4.33.4 Analytical Information 560 13. 4.33.5 Performance Criteria 560 3.4.33.6 Limitations 560 13.4.33.7 Applications 560 13.. 8 Other techniques 561 13.4. 34 Reflection Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy 561 13. 4.34.1 Introduction 561 3. 4.34.2 Instrumentation 561 134343 Sample561 13.4.34.4 Analytical Information 562 13. 4.34.5 Performance Criteria 562 13.4. 34.6 Applications 562 3.4. 34.7 Other Techniques 562 13.4.35 Resonant Nuclear Reaction Analysis 563 13.4.35.1 Introduction 563

13.4.29.2 Instrumentation 553 13.4.29.3 Analytical Information 553 13.4.29.4 Performance Criteria 553 13.4.29.5 Application 553 13.4.30 Photoemission Electron Microscopy 553 13.4.30.1 Introduction 554 13.4.30.2 Instrumentation 554 13.4.30.3 Sample 554 13.4.30.4 Analytical Information 554 13.4.30.5 Performance Criteria 554 13.4.30.6 Applications 555 13.4.31 Positron Annihilation Auger Electron Spectroscopy 555 13.4.31.1 Introduction 555 13.4.31.2 Instrumentation 555 13.4.31.3 Sample 556 13.4.31.4 Analytical Information 556 13.4.31.5 Performance Criteria 556 13.4.31.6 Applications 557 13.4.31.7 Other Techniques 557 13.4.32 Raman Spectroscopy 557 13.4.32.1 Introduction 557 13.4.32.2 Instrumentation 557 13.4.32.3 Sample 557 13.4.32.4 Analytical Information 558 13.4.32.5 Performance Criteria 558 13.4.32.6 Application 558 13.4.33 Reflection-absorption Spectroscopy 559 13.4.33.1 Introduction 559 13.4.33.2 Instrumentation 559 13.4.33.3 Sample 559 13.4.33.4 Analytical Information 560 13.4.33.5 Performance Criteria 560 13.4.33.6 Limitations 560 13.4.33.7 Applications 560 13.4.33.8 Other techniques 561 13.4.34 Reflection Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy 561 13.4.34.1 Introduction 561 13.4.34.2 Instrumentation 561 13.4.34.3 Sample 561 13.4.34.4 Analytical Information 562 13.4.34.5 Performance Criteria 562 13.4.34.6 Applications 562 13.4.34.7 Other Techniques 562 13.4.35 Resonant Nuclear Reaction Analysis 563 13.4.35.1 Introduction 563 XVIII Contents

13.4.35.2 Instrumentation 563 134.35.3 Sample564 . 35.4 Analytical Information 134.35.5 Performance Criteria 13.4.35.6 Application 564 .4.35.7 Other Techniques 565 13.4.36 Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry 565 3. 4.36.1 Introduction 565 13.4.36.2 Instrumentation 565 134.36.3 Sample565 4.36.4 Analytical Information565 13. 4.36.5 Performance Criteria 566 3.4.36.6 Applications 567 13.4.36.7 Other Techniques 56 13.4.37 Scanning Electron Microscopy 567 13.4.37.1 Introduction 568 13. 4.37.2 Instrumentation 568 3.4.37.3 Sample 569 13.4.37.4 Analytical Information 569 13.4.37.5 Performance Criteria 569 13.4.37.6 Applications 570 13.4.38 Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy 570 3. 4.38.1 Introduction 570 13.4.38.2 Instrumentation 570 134.383 Sample571 4.38.4 Analytical Information 571 13. 38.5 Performance Criteria 571 13.4.38.6 Applications 571 13.4.38.7 Other Techniques 571 13.4.39 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry 571 439.1 Introduction 571 13.4.39.2 Instrumentation 572 34.39.3 Sample572 13.4.39.4 Analytical Information 57 134.39.5 Performance Criteria 5 .4.39.6 Application 573 13.4.39.7 Other Techniques 573 3.4.40 Spectroscopy of Surface Electromagnetic Waves 574 13.4. 40.1 Introduction 574 13. 4.40.2 Instrumentation 574 3. 4.40.3 Performance Criteria 574 13.4.40.4 Applications 574 13.4.41 Spin Polarized Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy 575 13.4.41.1 Introduction 575 13.4.41.2 Instrumentation 575

13.4.35.2 Instrumentation 563 13.4.35.3 Sample 564 13.4.35.4 Analytical Information 564 13.4.35.5 Performance Criteria 564 13.4.35.6 Application 564 13.4.35.7 Other Techniques 565 13.4.36 Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry 565 13.4.36.1 Introduction 565 13.4.36.2 Instrumentation 565 13.4.36.3 Sample 565 13.4.36.4 Analytical Information 565 13.4.36.5 Performance Criteria 566 13.4.36.6 Applications 567 13.4.36.7 Other Techniques 567 13.4.37 Scanning Electron Microscopy 567 13.4.37.1 Introduction 568 13.4.37.2 Instrumentation 568 13.4.37.3 Sample 569 13.4.37.4 Analytical Information 569 13.4.37.5 Performance Criteria 569 13.4.37.6 Applications 570 13.4.38 Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy 570 13.4.38.1 Introduction 570 13.4.38.2 Instrumentation 570 13.4.38.3 Sample 571 13.4.38.4 Analytical Information 571 13.4.38.5 Performance Criteria 571 13.4.38.6 Applications 571 13.4.38.7 Other Techniques 571 13.4.39 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry 571 13.4.39.1 Introduction 571 13.4.39.2 Instrumentation 572 13.4.39.3 Sample 572 13.4.39.4 Analytical Information 572 13.4.39.5 Performance Criteria 573 13.4.39.6 Application 573 13.4.39.7 Other Techniques 573 13.4.40 Spectroscopy of Surface Electromagnetic Waves 574 13.4.40.1 Introduction 574 13.4.40.2 Instrumentation 574 13.4.40.3 Performance Criteria 574 13.4.40.4 Applications 574 13.4.41 Spin Polarized Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy 575 13.4.41.1 Introduction 575 13.4.41.2 Instrumentation 575 Contents XIX

Xx Contents 13.4.41.3 Sample 13.4.41.4 Analytical Information 575 3.4.41.5 Performance Criteria 575 13.4.41.6 Applications 576 13.4.41.7 Other Techniques 576 13.4.42 Spin Polarized Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy 576 13. 4. 42.1 Introduction 576 3. 42.2 Instrumentation 576 13442.3 Sample577 13.4.42.4 Analytical Information 577 13. 4.42.5 Performance Criteria 577 13.4.42.6 Applications 3.4.43 Sum-Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy 578 13.4.43. 1 Introduction 578 13. 4. 43.2 Instrumentation 578 13. 4.43.3 Analytical Information 13. 443.4 Performance Criteria 3.4.43.5 Applications 579 13. 43.6 Other Methods 579 13.4.44 Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy 579 13.4. 44.1 Introduction 57 13. 4. 44.2 Instrumentation 579 3.4.44.3 Analytical Information 579 13.4.444 Performance Criteria 580 13.4.44.5 Applications 580 13. 4.45 Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy 580 13. 4.45.1 Introduction 580 34 45.2 Instrumentation 580 13.4.45.3 Sample 58 13. 4.45.4 Analytical Information 581 13. 4.45.5 Performance Criteria 581 13.4.45.6 Applications 582 Transmission Spectroscopy 13.4.46.1 Introduction 582 13. 4. 46.2 Instrumentation 582 13. 4.46.3 Performance Criteria 582 13.4.46. 4 Applications 582 3.4.47 Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy 58 13. 4. 47.1 Introduction 583 13. 4.47.2 Instrumentation 583 13. 4.47.3 Sample 13.. 4 Analytical Information 583 3. 4.47.5 Performance Criteria 583 13.4.47.6 Applications 584 13. 47.7 Other Technic

13.4.41.3 Sample 575 13.4.41.4 Analytical Information 575 13.4.41.5 Performance Criteria 575 13.4.41.6 Applications 576 13.4.41.7 Other Techniques 576 13.4.42 Spin Polarized Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy 576 13.4.42.1 Introduction 576 13.4.42.2 Instrumentation 576 13.4.42.3 Sample 577 13.4.42.4 Analytical Information 577 13.4.42.5 Performance Criteria 577 13.4.42.6 Applications 577 13.4.43 Sum-Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy 578 13.4.43.1 Introduction 578 13.4.43.2 Instrumentation 578 13.4.43.3 Analytical Information 578 13.4.43.4 Performance Criteria 578 13.4.43.5 Applications 579 13.4.43.6 Other Methods 579 13.4.44 Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy 579 13.4.44.1 Introduction 579 13.4.44.2 Instrumentation 579 13.4.44.3 Analytical Information 579 13.4.44.4 Performance Criteria 580 13.4.44.5 Applications 580 13.4.45 Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy 580 13.4.45.1 Introduction 580 13.4.45.2 Instrumentation 580 13.4.45.3 Sample 581 13.4.45.4 Analytical Information 581 13.4.45.5 Performance Criteria 581 13.4.45.6 Applications 582 13.4.46 Transmission Spectroscopy 582 13.4.46.1 Introduction 582 13.4.46.2 Instrumentation 582 13.4.46.3 Performance Criteria 582 13.4.46.4 Applications 582 13.4.47 Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy 583 13.4.47.1 Introduction 583 13.4.47.2 Instrumentation 583 13.4.47.3 Sample 583 13.4.47.4 Analytical Information 583 13.4.47.5 Performance Criteria 583 13.4.47.6 Applications 584 13.4.47.7 Other Techniques 584 XX Contents

Contents XXI 13.4. 48 X-ray Absorption Fine Structure 584 13.4.48.1 Introduction 584 3. 48.2 Instrumentation 585 13.4. 48.3 Analytical Information 585 13.4.48.4 Performance Criteria 585 6.4.48.5 Appl 13.4.48.6 Other Techniques 586 13.4.49 X-ray Photoelectron Diffraction 586 13.4 49.1 Introduction 586 13. 4.49.2 Instrumentation 586 6.4.49.3 Sample 587 13. 4.49.4 Analytical Information 587 13.4,49.5 Performance Criteria 587 13.4.49.6 Applications 587 13.4.50 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 587 450.1 Introduction 588 13. 4.50.2 Instrumentation 588 34.50.3 Sample589 13.4.50.4 Analytical Information 589 13.4.50.5 Performance Criteria 590 .4.50.6 Appl 13. 4.50.7 Other Techniques 591 3.4.51 X-ray Standing Wave 591 13.4.51.1 Introduction 13.4.51.2 Instrumentation 591 4.51.3 Sample 592 13. 4.51.4 Analytical Information 592 13.4.51.5 Performance Criteria 592 13.4.51.6 Applications 593 Further Information 593 ppendix: List of Acronyms Related to Surface Analysis 594

13.4.48 X-ray Absorption Fine Structure 584 13.4.48.1 Introduction 584 13.4.48.2 Instrumentation 585 13.4.48.3 Analytical Information 585 13.4.48.4 Performance Criteria 585 13.4.48.5 Applications 585 13.4.48.6 Other Techniques 586 13.4.49 X-ray Photoelectron Diffraction 586 13.4.49.1 Introduction 586 13.4.49.2 Instrumentation 586 13.4.49.3 Sample 587 13.4.49.4 Analytical Information 587 13.4.49.5 Performance Criteria 587 13.4.49.6 Applications 587 13.4.50 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 587 13.4.50.1 Introduction 588 13.4.50.2 Instrumentation 588 13.4.50.3 Sample 589 13.4.50.4 Analytical Information 589 13.4.50.5 Performance Criteria 590 13.4.50.6 Applications 590 13.4.50.7 Other Techniques 591 13.4.51 X-ray Standing Wave 591 13.4.51.1 Introduction 591 13.4.51.2 Instrumentation 591 13.4.51.3 Sample 592 13.4.51.4 Analytical Information 592 13.4.51.5 Performance Criteria 592 13.4.51.6 Applications 593 13.5 Further Information 593 13.6 Appendix: List of Acronyms Related to Surface Analysis 594 Contents XXI

Volume 2 Section VII Applications 1: Bioanalysis 1 14 Bioanal 14.1 General Introduction 3 14.1.1 Spectroscopy in the Biosensor and Genomics Age 3 14.1.2 Genomics, Proteomics and Drug Discovery 4 14.1.3 14.1.4 Biomolecular Structure determination 6 14.1.5 14.2 Optical Spectroscopy in Bioanalysis 7 14.2.1 Introduction 14.2.2 VIS/NIR Fluorescence Spectroscopy in DNA Sequencing nd Immunoassay 10 14.2.2.1 Introduction 10 14. 2.2.2 Chemistry of VIS/NIR Dyes 28 14.2.2.3 Bioanalytical Applications of NIR and Visible Fluorescent Dyes 36 14.2.2.4 Fluorescence Polarisation Methods 54 14.2.2.5 Time-resolved fluorescence 55 14.2.2.6 Fluorescence Excitation Transfer 56 14.2.2.7 Bioanalytical Applications of Fluorescent Proteins 57 14.2.3 Bioanalytical Applications of Multi-photon Fluorescence Excitation(MPE)58 14.2.3.1 Introduction 58 14.2.3. 2 MPE Fluorescence Dyes 59 14.2. 3.3 Two-photon Excitation Immunoassays 61 14.2.3.4 MPE in Gel and Capillary Electrophoresis 61 14.2.3.5 MPE in Tissue Imaging 63 14.2.3.6 Future Prospects of MPE Fluorescence Spectroscopy 63 14.2.4 Bioluminescence, Chemiluminescence and Electrochemiluminescence 65 14.2.5 Bioanalytical Applications of NIR Absorption Spectroscopy 68 14.2.6 Bulk Optical Sensing Techniques 69 14. Evanescent Wave Spectroscopy and Sensors 71 14.2.7.1 Introduction 71 14.2.7. 2 Theory of Total Internal Reflection 72 14.2.7.3 Measurement Configurations 81 14.2.7.4 Surface Plasmon Resonance(SPR)85 14.2.7.5 Reflectometric Interference Spectroscopy(RIfS)89 14.2.7.6 Total Internal Reflection FluorescenceTiRf)an Surface enhanced fluorescence 91 14.2.8 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy in Bioanalysis 92 14.2.8.1 FTIR, FTIR Microscopy and ATR-FTIR 92

Volume 2 Section VII Applications 1: Bioanalysis 1 14 Bioanalysis 3 14.1 General Introduction 3 14.1.1 Spectroscopy in the Biosensor and Genomics Age 3 14.1.2 Genomics, Proteomics and Drug Discovery 4 14.1.3 Biosensor Technologies 5 14.1.4 Biomolecular Structure Determination 6 14.1.5 Bioinformatics 6 14.2 Optical Spectroscopy in Bioanalysis 7 14.2.1 Introduction 7 14.2.2 VIS/NIR Fluorescence Spectroscopy in DNA Sequencing and Immunoassay 10 14.2.2.1 Introduction 10 14.2.2.2 Chemistry of VIS/NIR Dyes 28 14.2.2.3 Bioanalytical Applications of NIR and Visible Fluorescent Dyes 36 14.2.2.4 Fluorescence Polarisation Methods 54 14.2.2.5 Time-resolved Fluorescence 55 14.2.2.6 Fluorescence Excitation Transfer 56 14.2.2.7 Bioanalytical Applications of Fluorescent Proteins 57 14.2.3 Bioanalytical Applications of Multi-photon Fluorescence Excitation (MPE) 58 14.2.3.1 Introduction 58 14.2.3.2 MPE Fluorescence Dyes 59 14.2.3.3 Two-photon Excitation Immunoassays 61 14.2.3.4 MPE in Gel and Capillary Electrophoresis 61 14.2.3.5 MPE in Tissue Imaging 63 14.2.3.6 Future Prospects of MPE Fluorescence Spectroscopy 63 14.2.4 Bioluminescence, Chemiluminescence and Electrochemiluminescence 65 14.2.5 Bioanalytical Applications of NIR Absorption Spectroscopy 68 14.2.6 Bulk Optical Sensing Techniques 69 14.2.7 Evanescent Wave Spectroscopy and Sensors 71 14.2.7.1 Introduction 71 14.2.7.2 Theory of Total Internal Reflection 72 14.2.7.3 Measurement Configurations 81 14.2.7.4 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) 85 14.2.7.5 Reflectometric Interference Spectroscopy (RIfS) 89 14.2.7.6 Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) and Surface Enhanced Fluorescence 91 14.2.8 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy in Bioanalysis 92 14.2.8.1 FTIR, FTIR Microscopy and ATR-FTIR 92 XXII Contents