写作 知识归纳 (一)写作的基本技巧和方法 1.概述 SCET3写作的主旨为考核考生是否具有一定的用英语写的能力。 写作采用命题作文的方式,给出英语题目、(两个)中文要点提纲和少量英语参考词。 考生应按题目和提纲要求,在30分钟内写出一篇100个左右英语单词的短文。要求中心思 想明确,内容切题,表达清楚,文字通顺,意思连贯,结构完整,词语正确 2.写作特点 SCET3作文多用三段式写作,即:引言( Introduction),主体( main body)和结论 (conclusion 3.写作步骤 一般分为五大步骤:1)大脑思维 brainstorming);2)信息加工( information processing3)话 语组织( discourse organization),4)行文写作( composing);5)修改( revision) 1)大脑思维:指写作前的活动,搜寻与写作主题或关键词相关的词语,为下一步的信息 加工提供原料,扩展思维空间。例如:围绕shoe这一主题,可写出下列词串 brown White exPensIve harmful <leather shoes High-heeled 2)信息加工( Information/Processin Low-heeled 筛选出部分与cmte写Khsd A. Shoes have different colors B. Shoes have different styles C. Shoes have a lot of varieties 3)话语/篇章组织。 话语或篇章通常是有两大显著特征:一是结构上的联结;二是意义上连贯性(cohe 即意义上的逻辑关系。eg: A. Shoes have different colors. Different people wear different colored shoes. The reason is that people have different tastes and characters B. Shoes have different styles. Different age groups or sex groups wear different styles of shoes. The reason is to show their own personalities or social status C. Shoes have lots of varieties. People wear different types of shoes for different purposes suit occasions or seasons 4)行文写作( composing) 写作的关键在于:紧扣作文的叫心思想,注意整体性,围绕段落的主题句进行一步 步地展开,同时注意语篇意义上的连贯性,重要意思的表达合符逻辑。 Bi]: Shoes have different colors: such as brown shoes, black shoes, white shoes and purple shoes Different people may like to wear different shoes. Some like to wear black shoes, others
写 作 一、知识归纳 （一）写作的基本技巧和方法 1． 概述 SCET-3 写作的主旨为考核考生是否具有一定的用英语写的能力。 写作采用命题作文的方式，给出英语题目、（两个）中文要点提纲和少量英语参考词。 考生应按题目和提纲要求，在 30 分钟内写出一篇 100 个左右英语单词的短文。要求中心思 想明确，内容切题，表达清楚，文字通顺，意思连贯，结构完整，词语正确。 2． 写作特点 SCET-3 作文多采用三段式写作，即：引言(Introduction)，主体(main body)和结论 (conclusion)。 3．写作步骤 一般分为五大步骤：1)大脑思维(brainstorming) ;2)信息加工(information processing);3)话 语组织(discourse organization); 4)行文写作(composing);5)修改(revision).) 1)大脑思维：指写作前的活动，搜寻与写作主题或关键词相关的词语，为下一步的信息 加工提供原料，扩展思维空间。例如：围绕 shoe 这一主题，可写出下列词串: 2) 信息加工（Information Processing） 筛选出部分与主题的相关的信息构造出写作的逻辑程序大纲。 A．Shoes have different colors. B．Shoes have different styles. C．Shoes have a lot of varieties. 3）话语/篇章组织。 话语或篇章通常是有两大显著特征：一是结构上的联结；二是意义上连贯性（coherence）， 即意义上的逻辑关系。e.g: A．Shoes have different colors. Different people wear different colored shoes. The reason is that people have different tastes and characters. B．Shoes have different styles. Different age groups or sex groups wear different styles of shoes. The reason is to show their own personalities or social status. C．Shoes have lots of varieties. People wear different types of shoes for different purposes suit occasions or seasons. 4) 行文写作（composing） 写作的关键在于：紧扣作文的叫心思想，注意整体性，围绕段落的主题句进行一步一 步地展开，同时注意语篇意义上的连贯性，重要意思的表达合符逻辑。 例：Shoes have different colors: such as brown shoes, black shoes, white shoes and purple shoes .Different people may like to wear different shoes. Some like to wear black shoes, others shoes color brown black White red purple sports comfortable cloth soft leather expensive style Flat-heeled Low-heeled High-heeled harmful
like to wear brown shoes. This is mainly because different people have different tastes and Shoes have lots of varieties. We have got sports shoes, shoes. People wear shoes to suit occasions or seasons. For in going to a party must wear leather shoes. a traveler must wear sports shoes which are conformable. In winter people must wear warm shoes In conclusion, people wear shoes for psychological, social and physical needs 5)修改( revIsion) 好的文章需要经过多次修改。(根据水平不同进行修改,发现重复的,和不符合逻辑的 等进行修改,或词语上的选择。修改时尤其要注意第三人称单数是否加了“s,主谓是否一 致,文字是否通顺。) X: SCET-3 0112, How to Be a Good Student A.好学生应具备的特征。 B.我今后的打算 Words for reference: characteristic, prepare, plan, participate in, attend, activity 构思这篇作文时,应首先考虑 A Good student的含意,即“全面发展”,“三好学生”, 然后考虑怎样做才能达到 A Good Student的要求。例 (1) be well-developed in all-round way, that is, work hard, study well, keep fit a lay a solid foundation in the present studies of major courses b. build one's body strong d. form good habit of life e. improve one's qualities (2) Then how can I be a good student? First of all, study hard, a) plan my time b) preview my lesson c)fully involved in class d)review my lessons well Secondly, persist in doing physical exercises Thirdly, develop skills and talent, take part in social activities, etc (3)(Conclusion) How to Be a good Student To be a good student means to be well-developed in an all-round way, that is to say, not only intellectually, but also physically, mentally and morally, or to be one who works hard, studies well and keeps fit. a good student is one who is laying or trying to lay a solid foundation in the present Idies of his major courses with rich and extensive knowledge as the basis, builds his body physically and mentally strong, develops all skills and talents essential for his future work and life and for his further studies. What's more, a good student should form good habits of life and improve his qualities to the largest possible extent Then, how can I be a good student? I think, first of all, I must plan my time carefully and study regularly, i. e. preview my lessons well before class, be fully involved in class, review my lessons well after class. Secondly, I should persist in doing physical exercises every day to build up my muscles. Thirdly, I should also take part in various social activities organized for us by the college and the department to develop my practical skills and talents In short, studying in the college, I must try to be a good student, and l,m sure that by doing
like to wear brown shoes. This is mainly because different people have different tastes and characters. Shoes have lots of varieties. We have got sports shoes, leather shoes, plastic shoes and cloth shoes. People wear shoes to suit occasions or seasons. For example, a man going to a party must wear leather shoes .A traveler must wear sports shoes which are more conformable. In winter people must wear warm shoes. In conclusion, people wear shoes for psychological, social and physical needs. 5) 修改（revision） 好的文章需要经过多次修改。（根据水平不同进行修改，发现重复的，和不符合逻辑的 等进行修改，或词语上的选择。修改时尤其要注意第三人称单数是否加了“s”，主谓是否一 致，文字是否通顺。） 又：SCET-3 0112，How to Be a Good Student A．好学生应具备的特征。 B．我今后的打算。 Words for reference: characteristic, prepare, plan, participate in, attend, activity 构思这篇作文时，应首先考虑 A Good Student 的含意，即“全面发展”，“三好学生”， 然后考虑怎样做才能达到 A Good Student 的要求。例： （1）be well-developed in all-round way , that is, work hard, study well, keep fit a. lay a solid foundation in the present studies of major courses b. build one’s body strong c. develop all skills d. form good habit of life e. improve one’s qualities （2）Then how can I be a good student? First of all, study hard, a) plan my time b) preview my lesson c) fully involved in class d)review my lessons well Secondly, persist in doing physical exercises Thirdly, develop skills and talent, take part in social activities, etc. （3）(Conclusion) How to Be a Good Student To be a good student means to be well-developed in an all-round way, that is to say, not only intellectually, but also physically, mentally and morally, or to be one who works hard, studies well, and keeps fit. A good student is one who is laying or trying to lay a solid foundation in the present studies of his major courses with rich and extensive knowledge as the basis, builds his body physically and mentally strong, develops all skills and talents essential for his future work and life, and for his further studies. What’s more, a good student should form good habits of life and improve his qualities to the largest possible extent. Then, how can I be a good student? I think, first of all, I must plan my time carefully and study regularly, i.e. preview my lessons well before class, be fully involved in class, review my lessons well after class. Secondly, I should persist in doing physical exercises every day to build up my muscles. Thirdly, I should also take part in various social activities organized for us by the college and the department to develop my practical skills and talents. In short, studying in the college, I must try to be a good student, and I,m sure that by doing
all the above well, I will soon come up to the standards of a good student 学生习作1 Should College Students Do Part-Time Job? more students are engaged in the activities of doing Disadvantages Should College students Do part-Time Job? More recently, college students engaged in activities of doing part-time job is more and more popular. For instance, you can see some delivering newspapers everywhere, and some doing family-education, and the like So should we students do part-time job? I figure myself that the answer could be divided into two points. Maybe only thus can it be proper On one hand, it pays to do part-time job for some students poor. The can save up money to complete the studies and undirectly reduce the parents' load. What's more, they can learn much about life. Certainly speaking, it doesn't represent those rich students can't do. For so long as they are willing to, just do it On the contrary, we need to see some disadvantages. As is known that we should pay full attention to studying without any unease, in spite of what time. Studying"in person"is pure, one cant do many. Doing part-time obviously gets our energy and thinking out. Even worse, it must have a bad function on it In conclusion, we should do accordings to ourselves, that s our realities, then decide whethe doing or not (基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚,文字勉强连贯:有语言错误。8-10分) 学生习作2 Should College Students Do Part-Time Job More and more college students are engaged in activities of doing part-time job. Because about all the college students are live in the school. Every month, their parents will gave their some money, but some students want to buy something, and their money is few. After the class, they can do something if they want. So in this time, they want to do part time job to get some money, and buy something if they want, and neednt from parents In my opinion, I think if we have enough time after the class, we can do part time job, we can use the time evry well, and can get some money to use if I want. And I think it want have influence on study, because we doing it after the class. So I think we can do part time job, but lont do it in the study time (基本切题。但少了一段 disadvantage,且有严重语言错 (范文) Should college students do part-Time Job? With the economic development of our country, more and more college students are engaged
all the above well, I will soon come up to the standards of a good student. 学生习作 1 Should College Students Do Part-Time Job? Hinds: More and more students are engaged in the activities of doing part-time jobs. Advantages Disadvantages In my opinion,…. Should College Students Do Part-Time Job? More recently, college students engaged in activities of doing part-time job is more and more popular. For instance, you can see some delivering newspapers everywhere, and some doing family-education, and the like. So should we students do part-time job? I figure myself that the answer could be divided into two points. Maybe only thus can it be proper On one hand, it pays to do part-time job for some students poor. The can save up money to complete the studies and undirectly reduce the parents’ load. What’s more, they can learn much about life. Certainly speaking, it doesn’t represent those rich students can’t do. For so long as they are willing to, just do it. On the contrary, we need to see some disadvantages. As is known that we should pay full attention to studying without any unease, in spite of what time. Studying “in person” is pure, one cant do many. Doing part-time obviously gets our energy and thinking out. Even worse, it must have a bad function on it. In conclusion, we should do accordings to ourselves, that’s, our realities, then decide whether doing or not. （基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚， 文字勉强连贯；有语言错误。8-10 分） 学生习作 2 Should College Students Do Part-Time Job? More and more college students are engaged in activities of doing part-time job. Because about all the college students are live in the school. Every month, their parents will gave their some money, but some students want to buy something, and their money is few. After the class, they can do something if they want. So in this time, they want to do part time job to get some money, and buy something if they want, and needn’t from parents. In my opinion, I think if we have enough time after the class, we can do part time job, we can use the time evry well, and can get some money to use if I want. And I think it wan’t have influence on study, because we doing it after the class. So I think we can do part time job, but don’t do it in the study time. （基本切题。但少了一段 disadvantage，且有严重语言错误。） （范文） Should College Students Do Part-Time Job? With the economic development of our country, more and more college students are engaged
in the activities of doing part-time jobs. People wonder whether it is good or bad for students to do It goes without saying that working part-time in school has some advantages. First,a part-time job brings them more money and help them to reduce their parents' economic burdens Second, it offers them a chance to demonstrate their ability and to apply what they have learned in school. Third, it helps them to gain some social and economic knowledge and to practise their social abilities, which are of great help to their future career. Finally, it enriches their social life But this activity may bring some disadvantages to the students. First, too much part-time working may lose their time needed for sleep, rest, study and recreation Second, it may affect their studies if they come back with tiredness. And as a result, their studies are going down Finally, more money may bring bad effects on some of the students who spend their time smoking drinking, dressing other than studying In my opinion, those students should keep a balance between study and the job. As a student, acquiring more knowledge, especially learning more book knowledge, is the main task. Althougl a part-time job can do you a world of good you should not spend too much on it 4、写作注意“篇章结构连结法则 篇章结构连结有两种形式:有形连接和无形连接。有形连接是通过连接词语连接,通过 代词连接,通过时态连接。无形连接,也称为逻辑连接,是指那些在形式上可以省去连接词 语而全凭上下文的语篇结构来维系内在联系的那种句子和句子之间以及句群和句群之间的 连接。 SCET-3尤其要注意篇章结构的有形连接,即要学会使用连接词语,例如,用akso,to, and之类的词语表示平行:用even, in addition, moreover(而且,再者,加之) furthermore之 类的词语表示对上文的增补和递进;用but, yet, however, nevertheless, on the other hand, in contrast(对比)之类的词语表示下文要引出开始转折的关系;用 for example, for instance之 类的词语表示下文要引出的例证;用 first., next, finally,now,then, later, before,ater,untl之类 的词语表示时间、空间或重要性的顺序;用 although, of course, It Is true等词语表示下文要开 始先退后进的让步;用 to conclude, in short, to sum up, in conclusion,so,thus, as a result, consequently之类的词语表示下文要开始总结或作出总结。所有诸如此类的语篇结构的连接 词语,在普通书面语中就象一座座路标,对读者的思维起着指示方向的作用。在英语短文写 作中,有时往往不可缺少。如 Cars and bicycles are similar in that they are both privately owned means of transport. I other words, they have in common the fact that the owner can decide when and where to go However, there are a lot of differences between them. A car costs much more than a bicycle. I ddition, it is far more expensive to run A car uses petrol, which is expensive, whereas a bicycle uses only human energy. On the other hand, as far as comfort is concerned, a car is better than a bicycle. Besides, it is faster. With respect to convenience, it is difficult to say which one is better a bicycle is certainly easier to park. To sum up, each one has its advantages and disadvantages 这是一篇没有分段落的短文,之所以能成为范文,其重要原因之一是连接词语用得漂亮 首先,作者用“ "in other words”列出说明,然后用" however”引出转折。 此文的妙处还在于:第一次用“ however”引出的转折,是由汽车和自行车的共性向它们 的个性方面的转折:而第二次用“ on the other hand”引出的转折,则是谈两者的个性时由自 行车优于汽车向汽车优于自行车方面的转折;文章最后用 to sum up”托出结论性的结尾。此
in the activities of doing part-time jobs. People wonder whether it is good or bad for students to do so. It goes without saying that working part-time in school has some advantages. First, a part-time job brings them more money and help them to reduce their parents’ economic burdens. Second, it offers them a chance to demonstrate their ability and to apply what they have learned in school. Third, it helps them to gain some social and economic knowledge and to practise their social abilities, which are of great help to their future career. Finally, it enriches their social life. But this activity may bring some disadvantages to the students. First, too much part-time working may lose their time needed for sleep, rest, study and recreation. Second, it may affect their studies if they come back with tiredness. And as a result, their studies are going down. Finally, more money may bring bad effects on some of the students who spend their time smoking, drinking, dressing other than studying. In my opinion, those students should keep a balance between study and the job. As a student, acquiring more knowledge, especially learning more book knowledge, is the main task. Although a part-time job can do you a world of good, you should not spend too much on it. ４、写作注意“篇章结构连结法则” 篇章结构连结有两种形式：有形连接和无形连接。有形连接是通过连接词语连接，通过 代词连接，通过时态连接。无形连接，也称为逻辑连接，是指那些在形式上可以省去连接词 语而全凭上下文的语篇结构来维系内在联系的那种句子和句子之间以及句群和句群之间的 连接。 SCET-3 尤其要注意篇章结构的有形连接，即要学会使用连接词语，例如，用 also, too, and 之类的词语表示平行；用 even, in addition, moreover（而且，再者，加之）furthermore 之 类的词语表示对上文的增补和递进；用 but, yet, however, nevertheless, on the other hand, in contrast（对比）之类的词语表示下文要引出开始转折的关系；用 for example, for instance 之 类的词语表示下文要引出的例证；用 first, next, finally, now, then, later, before, after, until 之类 的词语表示时间、空间或重要性的顺序；用 although, of course, it is true 等词语表示下文要开 始先退后进的让步；用 to conclude, in short, to sum up, in conclusion, so, thus, as a result, consequently 之类的词语表示下文要开始总结或作出总结。所有诸如此类的语篇结构的连接 词语，在普通书面语中就象一座座路标，对读者的思维起着指示方向的作用。在英语短文写 作中，有时往往不可缺少。如: Cars and Bicycles Cars and bicycles are similar in that they are both privately owned means of transport. In other words, they have in common the fact that the owner can decide when and where to go. However, there are a lot of differences between them. A car costs much more than a bicycle. In addition, it is far more expensive to run. A car uses petrol, which is expensive, whereas a bicycle uses only human energy. On the other hand, as far as comfort is concerned, a car is better than a bicycle. Besides, it is faster. With respect to convenience, it is difficult to say which one is better. A bicycle is certainly easier to park. To sum up, each one has its advantages and disadvantages. 这是一篇没有分段落的短文，之所以能成为范文，其重要原因之一是连接词语用得漂亮。 首先，作者用“in other words”列出说明，然后用“however”引出转折。 此文的妙处还在于：第一次用“however”引出的转折，是由汽车和自行车的共性向它们 的个性方面的转折；而第二次用“on the other hand ” 引出的转折，则是谈两者的个性时由自 行车优于汽车向汽车优于自行车方面的转折；文章最后用“to sum up”托出结论性的结尾。此
外,在表示递进关系时,在表示自行车优于汽车的逻辑段落中用了“ "in addition”而在汽车优 于自行车的逻辑性段落中则用“ besides”在引出比较方面时,前一段用了“ in addition”,而后 段用了“ as far as…, is concerned”句型,然后再用" with respect to….”短语。如果将短文中的 这些有形连词全部抹去,就会造成“天下大乱“。 5、启承转合结构的篇章模式 人们在语言实践和信息教学中经常使用启承转合的篇章结构模式。“启”是开始;“承” 是承接上文:“转”是转折:“合”是全文的结束,这种结构模式在论述文中使用较为普遍。类 似这种篇章结构模式的另一种形式是“总起分叙结构”。下面一篇文章重点讨论启承转合结构 模式 Fi]: My College English Study Hints:1.大学英语学习开始时比较容易 2.后来遇到了一些困难 3.我克服了困难,英语学习取得了进步 When I first began to study college English, the lessons seemed quite easy for me I could learn all the new words by heart The texts were easy to understand and i did not feel it difficult to recite them. All the exercises also appeared very simple to me. That good foundation in English study in high school But very soon, some difficulties arose in the course of my English study. The texts became longer and longer and the structures became more and more complicated. The most troublesome problem was my listening comprehension I even could not understand what my English teacher said in English, not to speak of the tape recording in the listening class. Gradually I began to realize that listening and speaking are also important skills in learning English. Therefore, I tried my best to improve them I'm very glad that, thanks to the help of my teachers, I have made much progress in college English study. Now, I can read and write in English. I can understand my English teacher quite well in class. If I keep on working hard, I'm sure I will be able to use English to help me in my work in the near future 上文第一段段首句为“启”,续写部分用具体的事实对“启”( quite easy)部进行支持或支 撑,因而叫做“承”;第二段开头句为“转”;第三段内容为“合”。全文为典型的“启、承、转 合”篇章模式 (二)SCET3作文例举 Hard Work and Success Outlines 1.不劳则无获。( No pains, no gains.) 2.勤奋使人成功。( Where there is diligence there is success.) raiting process: 1. The topic sentence 1)Proverb itself 2)Its 3)Typical examples( from the negative side 4)Conclusive remarks
外，在表示递进关系时，在表示自行车优于汽车的逻辑段落中用了“in addition”而在汽车优 于自行车的逻辑性段落中则用“besides”.在 引出比较方面时，前一段用了“in addition”，而后 一段用了“as far as …is concerned”句型，然后再用“with respect to …”短语。如果将短文中的 这些有形连词全部抹去，就会造成“天下大乱“。 5、启承转合结构的篇章模式 人们在语言实践和信息教学中经常使用启承转合的篇章结构模式。“启”是开始；“承” 是承接上文；“转”是转折；“合”是全文的结束，这种结构模式在论述文中使用较为普遍。类 似这种篇章结构模式的另一种形式是“总起分叙结构”。下面一篇文章重点讨论启承转合结构 模式。 例：My College English Study Hints: 1. 大学英语学习开始时比较容易。 2. 后来遇到了一些困难。 3. 我克服了困难，英语学习取得了进步。 When I first began to study college English, the lessons seemed quite easy for me .I could learn all the new words by heart. The texts were easy to understand and I did not feel it difficult to recite them. All the exercises also appeared very simple to me .That is mainly because I laid a good foundation in English study in high school. But very soon, some difficulties arose in the course of my English study. The texts became longer and longer and the structures became more and more complicated .The most troublesome problem was my listening comprehension .I even could not understand what my English teacher said in English ,not to speak of the tape recording in the listening class. Gradually I began to realize that listening and speaking are also important skills in learning English. Therefore, I tried my best to improve them. I’m very glad that , thanks to the help of my teachers, I have made much progress in college English study. Now, I can read and write in English. I can understand my English teacher quite well in class. If I keep on working hard, I’m sure I will be able to use English to help me in my work in the near future. 上文第一段段首句为“启”，续写部分用具体的事实对“启”（quite easy）部进行支持或支 撑，因而叫做“承”；第二段开头句为“转”；第三段内容为“合”。全文为典型的“启、承、转、 合”篇章模式。 （二）SCET-3 作文例举 Hard Work and Success Outlines: 1. 不劳则无获。（No pains, no gains.） 2. 勤奋使人成功。（Where there is diligence there is success.） Drafting process: 1. The topic sentence 1) Proverb itself 2) Its meaning/implication 3) Typical examples（from the negative side） 4) Conclusive remarks