Unit Two Section A: Environmental protection throughout the world about the text 1. Ecology is the study of the relationships among plants, animals, people, and their environment, and the balance among these relationships 2. New England is the most northeastern region of the U.S.A. includ ing the states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and vermont It was so named by John Smith when he explored it in 1614. A New Englander is a native or resident of New england 3. Grand Banks is a vast extension of the ocean off southeast Newfoundland (H3 3 R)in the North Atlantic, one of the worlds greatest cod-fishing grounds 4. Islam is a religion and social way of life based on the teachings of Mohammed as preserved in the Koran(可兰经) and the sunna(伊斯兰教教规) It is centered in Mecca(tn), and includes the worship of gods represented by holy stones called the Kaaba(建于麦加的伊斯兰教寺院内的圣堂 Mecca or Makkah, with a population of 200,000, is the chief holy city of Islam, capital of the hejaz(汉志省,沙特阿拉伯省名, Saudi arabia, in a valley surrounded by hills, 80 km. from the Red Sea. It was the birthplace of Mohammed Its economy depends upon pilgrims(朝圣者) Text Structure: problem-solution The problem-solution" is one of the most common patterns we have in writing There are some possible d ifferences in the pattem but the basic parts are problems and Air pollution Air pollution is one of the major problems of the modern world. A great deal of energy is needed to run the factories of modern industrial nations. automobiles, trains, planes and buses need energy, too. Nearly all of this energy is produced by burning fuels. The burning produces wastes, some of which remain in the air, causing air pollution Scientists are find ing ways to stop air pollution especially in big industrial areas. They are studying new ways of generating electricity that may be doing less damage to the environment. In the meantime, many power plants are being modernized to give off less polluting material. Also, engineers try to design and locate new power plants to do minimum damages to the environment However, we still have a long way to go before we have a clean world. Nearly all of the countries are trying hard to prevent and control air pollution There indeed seems to be no end to tasks that environmentalists will be required to do. People will continually find new ways to control pollution New Word 1. undertake vt 1.( start to) make oneself responsible for(sth)担任,承担 The lawyer undertook the case without a fee这律师免费承办那个案件。 2. agree or promise to do sth.同意做,要做,答应 -- He undertook to finish the job by friday.他答应星期五之前完成这项工作。 -- We can t undertake that you will make a profit.我们不能保证你会获利。 2. initiative n 1. [C]action taken to solve a difficulty 解决困难所采取的行动,初步行动 The government is making some fresh initiatives to try to deal with the problem 政府正在采取某些新的积极行动,来设法解决这一问题
1 Unit Two Section A: Environmental Protection throughout the World About the text 1. Ecology is the study of the relationships among plants, animals, people, and their environment, and the balance among these relationships. 2. New England is the most northeastern region of the U.S.A., including the states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont. It was so named by John Smith when he explored it in 1614. A New Englander is a native or resident of New England. 3. Grand Banks is a vast extension of the ocean off southeast Newfoundland（纽芬 兰岛）in the North Atlantic, one of the world’s greatest cod-fishing grounds. 4. Islam is a religion and social way of life based on the teachings of Mohammed as preserved in the Koran (可兰经) and the Sunna (伊斯兰教教规). It is centered in Mecca (麦加), and includes the worship of gods represented by holy stones called the Kaaba (建于麦加的伊斯兰教寺院内的圣堂). 5. Mecca or Makkah, with a population of 200,000, is the chief holy city of Islam, capital of the Hejaz (汉志省, 沙特阿拉伯省名), Saudi Arabia, in a valley surrounded by hills, 80 km. from the Red Sea. It was the birthplace of Mohammed. Its economy depends upon pilgrims (朝圣者). Text Structure: problem-solution The “problem-solution” is one of the most common patterns we have in writing. There are some possible differences in the pattern but the basic parts are problems and solutions. Air pollution Air pollution is one of the major problems of the modern world. A great deal of energy is needed to run the factories of modern industrial nations. Automobiles, trains, planes and buses need energy, too. Nearly all of this energy is produced by burning fuels. The burning produces wastes, some of which remain in the air, causing air pollution. Scientists are finding ways to stop air pollution especially in big industrial areas. They are studying new ways of generating electricity that may be doing less damage to the environment. In the meantime, many power plants are being modernized to give off less polluting material. Also, engineers try to design and locate new power plants to do minimum damages to the environment. However, we still have a long way to go before we have a clean world. Nearly all of the countries are trying hard to prevent and control air pollution .There indeed seems to be no end to tasks that environmentalists will be required to do. People will continually find new ways to control pollution.. New Words 1. undertake vt.1.(start to) make oneself responsible for (sth.) 担任，承担 ---The lawyer undertook the case without a fee.这律师免费承办那个案件。 2. agree or promise to do sth. 同意做，要做，答应 ---He undertook to finish the job by Friday. 他答应星期五之前完成这项工作。 ---We can't undertake that you will make a profit. 我们不能保证你会获利。 2. initiative n.1. [C] action taken to solve a difficulty 解决困难所采取的行动，初步行动 ---The government is making some fresh initiatives to try to deal with the problem. 政府正在采取某些新的积极行动，来设法解决这一问题
2. the-(sing. power or right to take action 采取行动的能力(权利或权力),主动权,优先权 He likes to take the initiative in making acquaintances他喜欢主动交朋友 -- He helped me on his own initiative.他主动帮助我。 3. abundant a1 more than enough; plenty很多的,丰富的,充裕的 We have an abundant supply of fruit.我们有充裕的水果供应 2(in/ aving plenty of sth, rich in sth.富于,富有 The country is abundant in natural resource 4. species n (pl. unchanged) group of animals and plants only different in little details from the others, and able to breed with each other but not with other groups 特指生物的物种,种类 - some species of animals have become extinct because they could not adapt to a changing environment有一些动物已经灭种了,因为它们不能适应环境的变化 no species of performing artists is as self-critical as a dancer 所有艺术家的类型中,没有象舞蹈家那样严格地自我要求了 [典型试题] The wolf and the dog belong to the same A category C type D species kind:指动植物的种类,对客观上相似的事物进行分类 a butterfly is a kind of insect. Fruits of this kind soon decay category:指有确切定义的群体 -Chicken is one of the export items in the food category sot:对人或事进行大致地归类,主观性较强 She is the sort of girl I like, always happy and smiling type:指客观界限比较明显的同类事物 You can have two types of cloth for your curtain 5. ambitious a 1. showing or requiring a particular desire of this kind 显示或需要雄心的 His plans are ambitious; he wants to master French, German and Spanish before he is twenty.他的计划雄心勃勃;他想在20岁前掌握法语、德语和西班牙语 2. full of strong desires, esp for money or success 充满野心的,雄心勃勃的(尤指为金钱或功名的) She is ambitious for power/social position.她极欲获得权力社会地位。 be ambitious of success,渴望成功 She is ambitious to succeed in life as a female news writer 她渴望自己作为一名女新闻工作者在生活中取得成就。 6. diverse a.l. of d ifferent kinds; varIous种类不同的,多种多样的 - His interests are very diverse.他的兴趣很广泛。 2 different( from each other); not the same不同的,相异的 ---we are d iverse from each other on how to raise children 在怎样养育孩子的问题上,我们有迥然不同的看法 7. series n [pl. unchanged number of things, events, etc of a similar kind, esp placed or happening one after another一连串,一系列,连续的事物(件) -He saw a series of white arrows painted on the road 他看见马路上画有一连串白色箭头。 [典型试题] This country has had a of brilliant statesmen in this century A sequence C. succession D. chain
2 2. the ~ (sing.) power or right to take action 采取行动的能力（权利或权力），主动权，优先权 ---He likes to take the initiative in making acquaintances.他喜欢主动交朋友。 ---He helped me on his own initiative.他主动帮助我。 3. abundant a.1.more than enough; plenty 很多的，丰富的，充裕的 ---We have an abundant supply of fruit. 我们有充裕的水果供应。 2.(in / with) having plenty of sth., rich in sth. 富于，富有 ---The country is abundant in natural resources. 4. species n.(pl. unchanged) group of animals and plants only different in little details from the others, and able to breed with each other but not with other groups 特指生物的物种，种类 ---Some species of animals have become extinct because they could not adapt to a changing environment.有一些动物已经灭种了,因为它们不能适应环境的变化 ---No species of performing artists is as self-critical as a dancer 所有艺术家的类型中，没有象舞蹈家那样严格地自我要求了 [典型试题] The wolf and the dog belong to the same _______. A. category B. sort C. type D. species kind: 指动植物的种类，对客观上相似的事物进行分类 ---A butterfly is a kind of insect. / Fruits of this kind soon decay. category: 指有确切定义的群体 ---Chicken is one of the export items in the food category. sort: 对人或事进行大致地归类，主观性较强 ---She is the sort of girl I like, always happy and smiling. type: 指客观界限比较明显的同类事物 ---You can have two types of cloth for your curtain. 5. ambitious a.1. showing or requiring a particular desire of this kind 显示或需要雄心的 His plans are ambitious; he wants to master French, German and Spanish before he is twenty. 他的计划雄心勃勃；他想在20岁前掌握法语、德语和西班牙语. 2. full of strong desires, esp. for money or success 充满野心的，雄心勃勃的（尤指为金钱或功名的） ---She is ambitious for power/social position. 她极欲获得权力/社会地位。 ---be ambitious of success渴望成功 ---She is ambitious to succeed in life as a female news writer. 她渴望自己作为一名女新闻工作者在生活中取得成就。 6. diverse a.1.of different kinds; various 种类不同的，多种多样的 ---His interests are very diverse.他的兴趣很广泛。 2.different (from each other); not the same 不同的，相异的 ---we are diverse from each other on how to raise children. 在怎样养育孩子的问题上，我们有迥然不同的看法。 7. series n.[pl. unchanged] number of things, events, etc. of a similar kind, esp. placed or happening one after another 一连串，一系列，连续的事物（件） ---He saw a series of white arrows painted on the road. 他看见马路上画有一连串白色箭头。 [典型试题] This country has had a ______ of brilliant statesmen in this century. A. sequence B. series C. succession D. chain
Sequence强调事情发生的先后逻辑顺序 The history professors were dealing with these events in historical sequence Series指彼此间有共同的关系,有独立的个性,但又构成一个整体 ---The boy asked a series of questions on summer camp Succession指互相跟随,一般按照时间次序而且没有中断,一个接一个: Reports of victory came in quick successi hain暗示紧密连接或联系在一起的一系列东西: Their act set off a chain of revolts throughout the countr Series既是单数形式又是复数形式。当它具有“一套”的单数意思时,它使 用单数动词,即使当 series紧接着of和一个复数名词时也是如此: A series of lectures is scheduled.一套演讲已安排好了。当它有“一套或多 套”的复数意思时,它使用复数动词: Two series of lectures are scheduled: one for experts and one for laypeople 两套演讲已安排好了:一套为专业人员,一套为非专业人员 8. finance vt. provide money for(a project, etc. 为(项目)提供经费,为……提供资金 The government will finance the build ing of the new roads with the taxes it collects政府将用它所征得的税收为修建这条新公路提供资金。 nL.U] management of(esp. public) money理财(尤指公款),金融财政 People who work in banks know about finance在银行工作的人懂金融 (pl. money available to a person, company or country (个人、公司、政府的)财源,资金 Unless we get more finance, we'll have to close the branch offices 如果得不到更多的资金我们就不得不关闭所有的分支办事处 9. conflict n 1 [C, U](of opinions, desires, etc. )opposing; difference; clash (指意见、欲望)冲突,抵触 everyone was aware that the couple were in conflict with each other - no one expected this to be the last conflict between the two countries vi. be against or in disagreement with; clash与..相反,抵触,冲突 All these actions by the nato conflicted with the universally accepted international laws北约的这些行动都与公认的国际法相抵触 Fight通常指身体的或象征性的冲突 A fight was scheduled between the world boxing champion and the challenger 世界拳击冠军和挑战者之间将有一场比赛。 struggle本义是“挣扎”,指克服某种障碍或困难,以达到某种目的 They were struggling for peace.他们为和平而斗争。 conflict严重不一致,而引起抵触或冲突 Their account of the causes of the war conflicts with ours 10. contaminate vt. make sth /sb. dirty or polluted by adding dangerous or disease carrying matter污染,玷污,弄脏,污损 The river was contaminated with waste They are contaminating the minds of our young people with these rotten ideas 他们正用这些腐朽的思想污染着我们青年人的头脑 11. fund n 1 [C] sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose 专款,基金 a fund was set up to protect the rare plants为保护珍稀植物设立了一项基金
3 Sequence强调事情发生的先后逻辑顺序 ---The history professors were dealing with these events in historical sequence. Series指彼此间有共同的关系，有独立的个性，但又构成一个整体 ---The boy asked a series of questions on summer camp. Succession指互相跟随，一般按照时间次序而且没有中断,一个接一个： ---Reports of victory came in quick succession. Chain暗示紧密连接或联系在一起的一系列东西： ---Their act set off a chain of revolts throughout the country. Series既是单数形式又是复数形式。当它具有“一套”的单数意思时，它使 用单数动词，即使当 series 紧接着 of 和一个复数名词时也是如此： ---A series of lectures is scheduled. 一套演讲已安排好了。当它有“一套或多 套”的复数意思时，它使用复数动词： ---Two series of lectures are scheduled: one for experts and one for laypeople. 两套演讲已安排好了：一套为专业人员，一套为非专业人员 8. finance vt. provide money for (a project, etc.) 为（项目）提供经费，为……提供资金 ---The government will finance the building of the new roads with the taxes it collects.政府将用它所征得的税收为修建这条新公路提供资金。 n.1. [U] management of (esp. public) money 理财（尤指公款），金融财政 ---People who work in banks know about finance.在银行工作的人懂金融。 2.（pl.） money available to a person, company or country （个人、公司、政府的）财源，资金 ---Unless we get more finance, we'll have to close the branch offices. 如果得不到更多的资金,我们就不得不关闭所有的分支办事处。 9. conflict n.1. [C, U] (of opinions, desires, etc.) opposing; difference; clash （指意见、欲望）冲突，抵触 ---Everyone was aware that the couple were in conflict with each other. ---No one expected this to be the last conflict between the two countries. vi. be against or in disagreement with; clash 与... ...相反, 抵触, 冲突 ---All these actions by the NATO conflicted with the universally accepted international laws.北约的这些行动都与公认的国际法相抵触。 Fight通常指身体的或象征性的冲突 ---A fight was scheduled between the world boxing champion and the challenger. 世界拳击冠军和挑战者之间将有一场比赛。 struggle本义是“挣扎”， 指克服某种障碍或困难， 以达到某种目的 ---They were struggling for peace. 他们为和平而斗争。 conflict严重不一致， 而引起抵触或冲突 ---Their account of the causes of the war conflicts with ours. 10. contaminate vt. make sth./sb. dirty or polluted by adding dangerous or diseasecarrying matter 污染，玷污，弄脏，污损 --- The river was contaminated with waste. ---They are contaminating the minds of our young people with these rotten ideas. 他们正用这些腐朽的思想污染着我们青年人的头脑。 11. fund n.1. [C] sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose 专款，基金 ---A fund was set up to protect the rare plants. 为保护珍稀植物设立了一项基金
2.sing] stock of supply of sth.贮藏,储存 The nursery teachers got a fund of amusing stories They have a fund of experience to draw on.他们有丰富的经验可利用。 3.[pl] resources of finance; money财源,金钱,现款 The project was abandoned for want of funds这计划因为缺少资金而作罢 provide(an organization, a project, etc. )with money (为公共机构、工程项目)提供资金 The work is funded by the government这项工程由政府提供基金。 12. sponsor vt 1 support(a person, organization or activity) by giving money, encouragement or other help赞助,支持 The team is sponsored by niKe, so the players wear the letters NIKE on their 这支队伍是由耐克公司赞助的,因此运动员都穿着带NIKE字样的运动服。 2 start;hold发起,举办,主办 The exhibition was sponsored by the Society of Culture 这个展览会是由文化学会主办的 13. generate vt.1. produce生成,产生(光、热、电等) When coal burns, it generates heat 2. cause to exist; produce引起,产生 The new development will generate 1500 new jobs 新的发展将带来1500个新的工作职位。 mpact n 1 [C](usu. sing. strong impression or effect on sb. /sth 对强烈的印象或影响 Her speech made a great impact on everyone v.. to leave a powerful effect on a situation or person影响,作用 Falling trade rates have impacted on the country's economy 贸易成交率的下降对这个国家的经济造成了影响 2. strike,hit碰撞,撞击 .The ball impacted against the bat with a loud noise 球撞击球棒时发出了很大的声响。 15. frown y.1.(on/upon) disagree; disapproved不赞成,反对 Many doctors frown on a diet which has a lot of fat 许多医生都不赞成饮食中脂肪含量过高 2.皱眉,蹙额 The teacher frowned at the class of noisy children but it had no effect 老师朝班上那些吵闹的孩子们皱起了眉头,但没有任何效果 nC]皱眉 I noticed a slight frown of disagreement on his face 从他的脸上我注意到了他不赞同地略微皱了一下眉。 16. shelter n.1.U] a living place住所,住处 The farmers' immed iate need is for food, clothing and shelter 农民们最迫切的需要是衣、食和住。 2. [C]structure built to give protection, esp from rain, wind or attack 掩蔽部,掩蔽处,躲避处 ---Everyone looked for a shelter from the bad weather 人人都寻找躲避恶劣天气的地方
4 2. [sing.] stock of supply of sth. 贮藏，储存 --- The nursery teacher's got a fund of amusing stories. ---They have a fund of experience to draw on. 他们有丰富的经验可利用。 3. [pl.] resources of finance; money 财源，金钱，现款 --- The project was abandoned for want of funds.这计划因为缺少资金而作罢。 vt. provide (an organization, a project, etc.) with money （为公共机构、工程项目）提供资金 --- The work is funded by the government.这项工程由政府提供基金。 12. sponsor vt.1. support (a person, organization or activity) by giving money, encouragement or other help 赞助，支持 ---The team is sponsored by NIKE, so the players wear the letters NIKE on their shirts. 这支队伍是由耐克公司赞助的，因此运动员都穿着带NIKE字样的运动服。 2. start; hold 发起，举办，主办 --- The exhibition was sponsored by the Society of Culture. 这个展览会是由文化学会主办的。 13. generate vt.1. produce 生成，产生（光、热、电等） --- When coal burns, it generates heat. 2. cause to exist; produce 引起，产生 ---The new development will generate 1500 new jobs. 新的发展将带来1500个新的工作职位。 14. impact n.1. [C] （usu. sing.） strong impression or effect on sb./sth. 对... ...的强烈的印象或影响 ---Her speech made a great impact on everyone. v.1. to leave a powerful effect on a situation or person 影响，作用 ---Falling trade rates have impacted on the country's economy. 贸易成交率的下降对这个国家的经济造成了影响。 2. strike, hit 碰撞，撞击 ---The ball impacted against the bat with a loud noise. 球撞击球棒时发出了很大的声响。 15. frown v.1. (on/upon) disagree; disapproved 不赞成，反对 ---Many doctors frown on a diet which has a lot of fat. 许多医生都不赞成饮食中脂肪含量过高。 2. 皱眉，蹙额 ---The teacher frowned at the class of noisy children but it had no effect. 老师朝班上那些吵闹的孩子们皱起了眉头，但没有任何效果。 n.[C] 皱眉 ---I noticed a slight frown of disagreement on his face. 从他的脸上我注意到了他不赞同地略微皱了一下眉。 16. shelter n.1. [U] a living place 住所，住处 ---The farmers' immediate need is for food, clothing and shelter. 农民们最迫切的需要是衣、食和住。 2. [C] structure built to give protection, esp. from rain, wind or attack 掩蔽部，掩蔽处，躲避处 ---Everyone looked for a shelter from the bad weather. 人人都寻找躲避恶劣天气的地方
3.U] cond ition of being protected, kept safe,etc.掩蔽,遮蔽,保护 We took shelter from the storm in a barn我们在一个谷仓里躲避暴风雨 give shelter to(sb/sth); protect(sb/sth)掩蔽,遮蔽,庇护 He is trying to shelter his boss from critical comment 他竭力使他的老板不受批评 vi. find a place that gives shelter, take shelter躲难,避难 -- We sheltered under a tree until the rain passed.我们躲在树下直到雨过去 17. wage vt begin and carry on(a war, campaign, etc 发起,进行(战争、运动等) .The city is waging a campaign against smoking 这座城市正在开展一场戒烟运动。 n. pl. regular(usu. per week) pay made or received for work or services 工人等拿的“工资”叫做 wages,一般按日、按时或按件计算 che took his wages home to his wife every Friday salary:指公职人员、职员等拿按年、按月或按周计算的薪水 - -He gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from his friends and never l8. induce vt.l. persuade or influence sb. to do sth.引诱,诱导 . What induced you to do such a foolish thing? 2 bring sth. about; cause导致,引起 His illness was induced by overwork 19. convert v.1. change one's belief, attitude,etc.(使)改变(信仰或态度等) -- He honestly converted to Christianity.他真诚地改信了基督教 She managed to convert him to her opinion 2. change sth. from one form or use to another改变,转变 That build ing has been converted into a school 20. target vt. aim at sth. cause to have an effect on a particular, intentionally limited group把…作为目标 -This sales campaign was targeted at the youth market 这次推销活动是以青年为对象的 Steel production was targeted for 60,000 tons last year 钢产量去年指标定为六万吨。 21. concern with: be busy with; interest oneself in忙于,从事,关心 There's no need to concern yourself with this matter; were dealing with it 你不必挂念这件事情,我们正在处理 -We are concerned more with the product development 我们更为关心产品的开发 22. spring up: appear, develop, grow, etc quickly or suddenly 迅速或突然的出现,发生,长出 Many new factories have sprung up in my home town New businesses were springing up rapidly.新兴商业迅速涌现 23. as a result of: because of The flight was delayed as a result of fog.航班因雾而误点。 .The number has declined as a result of the recent drop in sales 数量由于近来销售的下降而减少了
5 3. [U] condition of being protected, kept safe, etc. 掩蔽，遮蔽，保护 --- We took shelter from the storm in a barn.我们在一个谷仓里躲避暴风雨。 vt. give shelter to （sb./sth.）; protect （sb./sth.）掩蔽，遮蔽，庇护 ---He is trying to shelter his boss from critical comment. 他竭力使他的老板不受批评。 vi. find a place that gives shelter; take shelter 躲难，避难 ---We sheltered under a tree until the rain passed. 我们躲在树下直到雨过去。 17. wage vt. begin and carry on (a war, campaign, etc.) 发起，进行（战争、运动等） ---The city is waging a campaign against smoking. 这座城市正在开展一场戒烟运动。 n.[pl.] regular (usu. per week) pay made or received for work or services 工人等拿的“工资”叫做 wages, 一般按日、按时或按件计算 ---He took his wages home to his wife every Friday. salary: 指公职人员、职员等拿按年、按月或按周计算的薪水 ---He gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back. 18. induce vt.1. persuade or influence sb. to do sth. 引诱，诱导 ---What induced you to do such a foolish thing? 2. bring sth. about; cause 导致，引起 --- His illness was induced by overwork. 19. convert v.1. change one's belief, attitude, etc. （使）改变（信仰或态度等） ---He honestly converted to Christianity. 他真诚地改信了基督教。 --- She managed to convert him to her opinion. 2. change sth. from one form or use to another 改变，转变 --- That building has been converted into a school. 20. target vt. aim at sth.; cause to have an effect on a particular, intentionally limited group 把... ...作为目标 ---This sales campaign was targeted at the youth market. 这次推销活动是以青年为对象的。 --- Steel production was targeted for 60,000 tons last year. 钢产量去年指标定为六万吨。 21. concern with: be busy with; interest oneself in 忙于，从事，关心 ---There's no need to concern yourself with this matter; we're dealing with it. 你不必挂念这件事情，我们正在处理。 ---We are concerned more with the product development. 我们更为关心产品的开发。 22. spring up: appear, develop, grow, etc. quickly or suddenly 迅速或突然的出现，发生，长出 --- Many new factories have sprung up in my home town. --- New businesses were springing up rapidly.新兴商业迅速涌现。 23. as a result of : because of 因... ... ---The flight was delayed as a result of fog. 航班因雾而误点。 ---The number has declined as a result of the recent drop in sales. 数量由于近来销售的下降而减少了