Unit Six Section A How to Prepare for Earthquakes Warm-up questions 1. Have you ever been in an earthquake? 2. What do you think you would do first if the room started to shake? 3. How should we prepare for earthquakes? Related information 1. Tangshan Earthquake The most severe earthquake, measuring8.2 on the richter scale(里氏震级) struck without warning in the early morning hours of July 28. Its epicenter (R p) was located about 100 miles southeast of Peking and only ten miles from the key coal-mining center of Tangshan, a city of over 1 million people. Sixteen hours later a second quake, of 7.9 magnitude, shook northeast China. Together, the two quakes almost completely leveled Tangshan. Accord ing to casualty reports coming out of China in September, over 240,000 people were killed and 700,000 injured 地震造成公路断裂 震中烈度为11度,桥梁坍塌,交通彻底中断
Unit Six Section A How to Prepare for Earthquakes Warm-up questions 1. Have you ever been in an earthquake? 2. What do you think you would do first if the room started to shake? 3. How should we prepare for earthquakes? Related Information 1. Tangshan Earthquake The most severe earthquake, measuring 8.2 on the Richter scale（里氏震级）, struck without warning in the early morning hours of July 28. Its epicenter（震中） was located about 100 miles southeast of Peking and only ten miles from the key coal-mining center of Tangshan, a city of over 1 million people. Sixteen hours later a second quake, of 7.9 magnitude, shook northeast China. Together, the two quakes almost completely leveled Tangshan. According to casualty reports coming out of China in September, over 240,000 people were killed and 700,000 injured. 地震造成公路断裂 震中烈度为 11 度，桥梁坍塌，交通彻底中断
1976年7月28日凌晨3时42分,河北省冀东地区的唐山、丰南一带突然发 生78级强地震,新兴的重工业城市唐山蒙受惨重灾难,被夷为一片废墟。地 震震中在唐山路南区的吉祥路一带,即北纬39度38,东经118度11°,震中烈 度达11度,震源深度12公里。 极震区以唐山为中心向四面延伸,约47平方公里。唐山市老区多为老式单 层民房,震后变成一片瓦砾;新市区大多是砖混结构多层建筑,几乎倒塌殆 尽;钢筋混凝土框架结构的髙层建筑物亦未能幸免,铁路轨道发生蛇形扭曲或 由于路基下沉而呈波浪式起伏,地表产生宽大裂缝,桥梁普遍場毁,地震构造 裂缝延伸达8公里,裂缝带附近的地面运动非常惊人,其两则200多米的范围 内连人都被抛向空中。 地震的影响区域极大,强震波及我国东部的广大地区,北起黑龙江的满洲 里,南至河南的漂河,东临渤海湾,西抵宁夏的名咀山,14个省、市、自治 区、200多万平方公里土地上居住的几亿人受到扰动。遭受地震破坏的区域约 21万多平方公里,其中严重破坏区3万多平方公里。区内民房大量倒塌,农田 淤满泥沙,水渠、水并堵塞,公路,铁路、桥梁损毁。据京津唐地区累计,地 震中死亡242万余人,重伤164万余人,轻伤者不计其数。 Kobe Earthquake At 5: 46: 51 AM, on January 17, 1995, the western port city of Kobe remained virtually paraly zed today in the wake of the 7. 2-magnitude earthquake that killed more than 2,000 people, sent as many as 120,000 seeking refuge and laid waste to assurances that modern construction technology protects city dwellers in Japan from major seismIc(地震的) damage 1995年1月17日日本时间清晨5点46分,北纬34.6度,东经135.0度, 次可怕的地震降临了,几万栋房屋倾刻成了一片废墟,路面开裂,地基变 形,铁道弯曲,列车脱轨,港口破坏,拦腰折断的大楼倒下来将道路隔截,断 裂的高速公路从几十米高处塌落下来,地震引起的火灾将神户市上空映得一片 通红.这次地震震级为7.2级,造成人员死亡5466人,3万多人受伤,几十万 人无家可归,受害人数达140多万人,被毁房屋超过十万栋,生命线工程和大 量公共设施被严重破坏,造成经济损失达1000亿美元。 Text Structure Analysi The essay focuses on one central theme: earthquake prediction, prevention and preparation. One characteristic writing technique that runs throughout the writing is a general statement supported by details
1976 年 7 月 28 日凌晨 3 时 42 分，河北省冀东地区的唐山、丰南一带突然发 生 7.8 级强地震，新兴的重工业城市唐山蒙受惨重灾难，被夷为一片废墟。地 震震中在唐山路南区的吉祥路一带，即北纬 39 度 38’，东经 118 度 11’，震中烈 度达 11 度，震源深度 12 公里。 极震区以唐山为中心向四面延伸，约 47 平方公里。唐山市老区多为老式单 层民房，震后变成一片瓦砾；新市区大多是砖混结构多层建筑，几乎倒塌殆 尽；钢筋混凝土框架结构的高层建筑物亦未能幸免，铁路轨道发生蛇形扭曲或 由于路基下沉而呈波浪式起伏，地表产生宽大裂缝，桥梁普遍塌毁，地震构造 裂缝延伸达 8 公里，裂缝带附近的地面运动非常惊人，其两则 200 多米的范围 内连人都被抛向空中。 地震的影响区域极大，强震波及我国东部的广大地区，北起黑龙江的满洲 里，南至河南的漂河，东临渤海湾，西抵宁夏的名咀山，14 个省、市、自治 区、200 多万平方公里土地上居住的几亿人受到扰动。遭受地震破坏的区域约 21 万多平方公里，其中严重破坏区 3 万多平方公里。区内民房大量倒塌，农田 淤满泥沙，水渠、水并堵塞，公路，铁路、桥梁损毁。据京津唐地区累计，地 震中死亡 24.2 万余人，重伤 16.4 万余人，轻伤者不计其数。 Kobe Earthquake At 5:46:51 AM, on January 17, 1995, the western port city of Kobe remained virtually paralyzed today in the wake of the 7.2-magnitude earthquake that killed more than 2,000 people, sent as many as 120,000 seeking refuge and laid waste to assurances that modern construction technology protects city dwellers in Japan from major seismic（地震的）damage. 1995 年 1 月 17 日日本时间清晨 5 点 46 分，北纬 34.6 度，东经 135.0 度， 一次可怕的地震降临了，几万栋房屋倾刻成了一片废墟，路面开裂，地基变 形，铁道弯曲，列车脱轨，港口破坏，拦腰折断的大楼倒下来将道路隔截，断 裂的高速公路从几十米高处塌落下来，地震引起的火灾将神户市上空映得一片 通红.这次地震震级为 7.2 级，造成人员死亡 5466 人，3 万多人受伤，几十万 人无家可归，受害人数达 140 多万人，被毁房屋超过十万栋，生命线工程和大 量公共设施被严重破坏，造成经济损失达 1000 亿美元。 Text Structure Analysis The essay focuses on one central theme: earthquake prediction, prevention and preparation. One characteristic writing technique that runs throughout the writing is a general statement supported by details
The whole passage can be divided into 4 part 1. The first part of the passage is one paragraph, Paragraph 1. The general statement is how to know when an earthquake is going to happen prediction of an earthquake. The general statement is followed and supported by details 2. The second part of the passage is also one paragraph, Paragraph 2. The general statement is how to prevent the great destruction of property caused by earthquakes. The general statement is followed and supported by details 3. The third part of the passage consists of 4 paragraphs, from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6. The general statement is how to prepare for the possibil ity of a great earthquake. The general statement has its details in 4 paragraphs, from house preparations to survival supplies, useful tools and earthquake emergency plans 4. The fourth part of the passage is also one paragraph, Paragraph 7. The author offers his advice as a conclusion: Even if prediction becomes possible in the future, people still have to do their best to prevent disasters by improv ing building structures and by being personally prepared Word study 1. earthquake n [C] a sudden violent movement of the Earth's surface, sometimes causing great damage地震 It is reported by radio that the earthquake yesterd ay accounted for five deaths 据电台报导昨天的地震使五人丧生 Most of the houses in the city were destroyed in the earthquake 城里大多数的房子在地震中毁了 2. detect vt notice(sth. that is partly hidden or not clear)or discover(sth ) esp using a special method发现;探测。通过细致的调查和精密的观察发现 The dentist could detect no sign of decay in her teeth 牙医在她的牙齿上找不到蛀蚀的迹象 small quantities of poison were detected in the dead man s stomach find既可以指对新事物寻求的结果,也可以指找到丢失的东西 Doctors are still trying to find a cure for colds discover是通用词,在表示“发现”的时候,被揭示物老早就客观存在着 We have discovered that the young man is a discreet and economical fellow 我们发现这个年青人是个既谨慎又有经济头脑的小伙子。 - Columbus d iscovered America in1492.哥伦布于1492年发现了美洲 reveal在表示“揭示”的时候,通过或好象通过拉开帷幕把某物展现出来 --In spite of this, many people are confident that The Revealer may reveal something of value fairly soon 尽管如此,许多人相信,这架探测器不久便会探出有价值的东西来 She reveals her even teeth whenever she smiles 每当她微笑时,她那整齐的牙齿便被展现出来。 disclose表示把未宣布的事情“透露”出来 She disclosed that she had been married for a month 她透露自己已经结婚一个月了。 3. experimental a.of, used for, using or based on experiments实验的,用作实验 的,根据实验的 The experimental farm is near the waterpower station 实验农场在水电站附近 4. wax: vi increase; grow The popularity of the film stars waxed and waned
The whole passage can be divided into 4 parts: 1. The first part of the passage is one paragraph, Paragraph 1. The general statement is how to know when an earthquake is going to happen — prediction of an earthquake. The general statement is followed and supported by details. 2. The second part of the passage is also one paragraph, Paragraph 2. The general statement is how to prevent the great destruction of property caused by earthquakes. The general statement is followed and supported by details. 3. The third part of the passage consists of 4 paragraphs, from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6. The general statement is how to prepare for the possibility of a great earthquake. The general statement has its details in 4 paragraphs, from house preparations to survival supplies, useful tools and earthquake emergency plans. 4. The fourth part of the passage is also one paragraph, Paragraph 7. The author offers his advice as a conclusion: Even if prediction becomes possible in the future, people still have to do their best to prevent disasters by improving building structures and by being personally prepared. Word Study 1. earthquake n. [C] a sudden violent movement of the Earth's surface, sometimes causing great damage 地震 -- It is reported by radio that the earthquake yesterday accounted for five deaths. 据电台报导昨天的地震使五人丧生。 -- Most of the houses in the city were destroyed in the earthquake. 城里大多数的房子在地震中毁了。 2. detect vt. notice (sth. that is partly hidden or not clear) or discover (sth.), esp. using a special method 发现；探测 。通过细致的调查和精密的观察发现 -- The dentist could detect no sign of decay in her teeth. 牙医在她的牙齿上找不到蛀蚀的迹象。 --Small quantities of poison were detected in the dead man’s stomach. find 既可以指对新事物寻求的结果，也可以指找到丢失的东西 --Doctors are still trying to find a cure for colds. discover 是通用词，在表示“发现”的时候，被揭示物老早就客观存在着 -- We have discovered that the young man is a discreet and economical fellow. 我们发现这个年青人是个既谨慎又有经济头脑的小伙子。 --Columbus discovered America in 1492. 哥伦布于 1492 年发现了美洲。 reveal 在表示“揭示”的时候，通过或好象通过拉开帷幕把某物展现出来 --In spite of this, many people are confident that ‘The Revealer’may reveal something of value fairly soon. 尽管如此，许多人相信，这架探测器不久便会探出有价值的东西来。 --She reveals her even teeth whenever she smiles. 每当她微笑时，她那整齐的牙齿便被展现出来。 disclose 表示把未宣布的事情“透露”出来 --She disclosed that she had been married for a month. 她透露自己已经结婚一个月了。 3. experimental a. of, used for, using or based on experiments 实验的，用作实验 的，根据实验的 --The experimental farm is near the waterpower station. 实验农场在水电站附近。 4. wax: vi. increase; grow --The popularity of the film stars waxed and waned
电影明星们的名望盛衰无常。 Her feelings for john wax and wane.她对约翰的感情时好时坏。 n a solid fatty or oily substance that softens and melts at a low temperature - Candles are made from wax.蜡烛是蜡做的。 -lt is obvious that a coating of wax was put on the paper:显然纸上涂了一层蜡 The floor wax has been used out; Please buy some for me 地板蜡用光了,请帮我买一些 destruction n. destroying or being destroyed破坏,摧毁 the cause or means of destroying破坏的原因或手段 - The fire caused the destruction of my books.这场大火使我的藏书被毁坏。 Pride was her destruction骄傲是她致命的弱点 6. withstand vt bear or not be changed by(sth )or oppose(a person or thing) successfully经受,承受,指有权力、实力、能力去忍受某种情况,经得起 This kind of material can withstand severe tests wear /fire/earthquake endure v.忍耐,忍受,尤指长期面对痛苦、艰难的能力 -Farmers must learn to endure occasional crop failures that are due to heavy frost What can' t be cured must be endured.无可奈何的事就得忍着 -she can t endure the toothache any lo bear: pertains broadly to capacity to withstand:指忍受各种令人沮丧的负担 She can't bear the sound of chalk scraping on the blackboard tolerate:主要用于指除痛苦之外的一些事情,含有尽管保留但勉强接受之意 .i won' t tolerate your selfishness /bad manners stand指精神上坚毅,有决心 Actors who can't stand criticism shouldn ' t perform in public suffer指顺从、听任、容忍、自制 He suffered their insults in silence.他默默忍受他们所施加的伤害. 7. weld vt join two pieces of metal together by melting the parts that touch t bring into close association or union.使紧密结合,使成整体 -- He welded the broken rod.他焊接一根断了的杆子 - We were welded into a fighting collective.我们结成一个战斗集体 8. joint n.l.〖C] a place where two things are fixed together接头,接缝,接合处 2. [C] the place where two bones are connected Hi Our arms and legs bend at the joints- the elbows and knees 我们的胳膊和腿在关节处,即胳膊肘和膝盖处弯曲。 a. belonging to or shared between two or more people共有的,联合的 Mr Jones and his two sons are the joint owners of the business 琼斯先生和他的两个儿子是这个商店的共同所有者。 9. horizontal a. parallel to the horizon;fhat; level与地平线平行的,平的,水平的 --On a map there are horizontal lines and vertical lines 在地图上有水平的线和垂直的线 10. beam n. 1. [C] a long thick piece of wood or metal, esp. used to support weight in a build ing or other structure梁,横梁 2.C] a line of light that shines from an object that gives out light光束,射束 The beams of the searchlights fingered the sky over the airport 道道探照灯光刺破机场的天空 vi. smile happily and cheerfully喻快地微笑/ send out light and warmth发光发热
电影明星们的名望盛衰无常。 --Her feelings for John wax and wane. 她对约翰的感情时好时坏。 n. a solid fatty or oily substance that softens and melts at a low temperature --Candles are made from wax. 蜡烛是蜡做的。 --It is obvious that a coating of wax was put on the paper. 显然,纸上涂了一层蜡 --The floor wax has been used out; Please buy some for me. 地板蜡用光了，请帮我买一些。 5. destruction n. destroying or being destroyed 破坏，摧毁 the cause or means of destroying 破坏的原因或手段 -- The fire caused the destruction of my books. 这场大火使我的藏书被毁坏。 -- Pride was her destruction. 骄傲是她致命的弱点。 6. withstand vt. bear or not be changed by (sth.) or oppose (a person or thing) successfully 经受，承受，指有权力、实力、能力去忍受某种情况, 经得起 -- This kind of material can withstand severe tests wear /fire/earthquake. endure v. 忍耐，忍受, 尤指长期面对痛苦、艰难的能力： ---Farmers must learn to endure occasional crop failures that are due to heavy frost. ---What can’t be cured must be endured.无可奈何的事就得忍着。 ---She can’t endure the toothache any longer. bear: pertains broadly to capacity to withstand:指忍受各种令人沮丧的负担 ---She can’t bear the sound of chalk scraping on the blackboard. tolerate: 主要用于指除痛苦之外的一些事情，含有尽管保留但勉强接受之意 ---I won’t tolerate your selfishness / bad manners. stand 指精神上坚毅，有决心 ---Actors who can't stand criticism shouldn't perform in public. suffer 指顺从、听任、容忍、自制 ---He suffered their insults in silence. 他默默忍受他们所施加的伤害. 7. weld vt. join two pieces of metal together by melting the parts that touch 焊接 bring into close association or union. 使紧密结合，使成整体 -- He welded the broken rod. 他焊接一根断了的杆子。 --We were welded into a fighting collective. 我们结成一个战斗集体。 8. joint n. 1. [C] a place where two things are fixed together 接头，接缝，接合处 2. [C] the place where two bones are connected 关节 -- Our arms and legs bend at the joints — the elbows and knees. 我们的胳膊和腿在关节处，即胳膊肘和膝盖处弯曲。 a. belonging to or shared between two or more people 共有的，联合的 -- Mr. Jones and his two sons are the joint owners of the business. 琼斯先生和他的两个儿子是这个商店的共同所有者。 9. horizontal a. parallel to the horizon; flat; level 与地平线平行的，平的，水平的 --On a map there are horizontal lines and vertical lines. 在地图上有水平的线和垂直的线。 10. beam n. 1. [C] a long thick piece of wood or metal, esp. used to support weight in a building or other structure 梁，横梁 2. [C] a line of light that shines from an object that gives out light 光束，射束 --The beams of the searchlights fingered the sky over the airport. 一道道探照灯光刺破机场的天空。 vi. smile happily and cheerfully 愉快地微笑/ send out light and warmth 发光发热
He beamed on his visitors.他对着客人们微笑。 vt broadcast(a message, television programme,etc.)播送(消息、电视节目等) express by means of a radiant smile:微笑示意 he news was beamed to the whole globe by satellite 这条新闻由卫星向全世界传送 He beamed his approval of the new idea.他微笑表示赞同这个新主意 11. pillar n. 1. [C] a strong column made of stone, metal or wood which supports part of a build ing, or sth. generally of this shape柱子,柱状物 The roof of the church was supported by stone pillars 这座教堂的屋顶由石柱支撑着 2.C] a strong supporter of sth.有力的支持者;栋梁 young peop ole are always regarded llar of the state.国家栋梁 12. enclose vt.1. surround围住,指把某物四面围起与外界隔绝 2. put inside an envelope or parcel, esp in add ition to sth else 把……装入信封,附寄 He enclosed the garden with chicken wire to keep out animals 他用细铁丝把院子围起来不让牲畜进去 The football field is enclosed by a wall足球场被一道墙围了起来。 I enclose herewith a cheque for20 pounds.随信附上二十镑支票一张 surround最普通用词,常强调一种令人不快的带有敌意的或危险的包围 he prison is surrounded by a high wall envelope强调某物被掩盖或遮蔽 The peak is enveloped in the clouds山峰深藏在云雾之中 encircle强调被围物体较紧密的聚集 -lt' s no good encircling the waist with a girdle.用腰带束腰 13. besides prep. in add ition to, apart from除……之外(还有) Besides milk and cheese. we need vegetables 除了牛奶和干酪外,我们还需要蔬菜。 ad. in addition;also而且,此外 --i don 't want to come out now and besides i must work. 我现在不想出去,而且我还得工作 14. fasten vt. secure or fix(sth) firmly使牢固,使固定,把物品系在一起使其固定 You can use a clip to fasten papers together用回型针把文件别在一起 - I fastened the lamp to the wall over my bed.固定在床头的墙上 tie指用绳索等将东西扎紧 Jane wrapped and tied the package before she mailed it bind指把两个或两个以上的物品牢牢地系在一起 Bind the gangster to the seat with rope lest he should escape 把匪徒用绳子绑在座位上以免他逃跑 extinguishⅵt.1. cause(sth) to stop burning; put out使熄灭,扑灭 Smoking is forbidden here. Please extinguish your cigarette 2. end the existence of(hope,love, passion,etc)使(希望、爱情、感情等)破灭 Tothing could extinguish his faith in future使他对未来的信念破灭 3. obscure; eclipse.使黯然失色;使相形见绌 -His discovery extinguished the achievements of his colleague extinction n. the act of extinguishing.灭绝
--He beamed on his visitors. 他对着客人们微笑。 vt. broadcast (a message, television programme, etc.)播送(消息、电视节目等) express by means of a radiant smile:微笑示意 --The news was beamed to the whole globe by satellite. 这条新闻由卫星向全世界传送。 --He beamed his approval of the new idea. 他微笑表示赞同这个新主意 11. pillar n. 1. [C] a strong column made of stone, metal or wood which supports part of a building, or sth. generally of this shape 柱子，柱状物 --The roof of the church was supported by stone pillars. 这座教堂的屋顶由石柱支撑着。 2. [C] a strong supporter of sth.有力的支持者；栋梁 --The young people are always regarded as a pillar of the state. 国家栋梁 12. enclose vt. 1. surround 围住，指把某物四面围起与外界隔绝 2. put inside an envelope or parcel, esp. in addition to sth. else 把……装入信封，附寄 --He enclosed the garden with chicken wire to keep out animals. 他用细铁丝把院子围起来不让牲畜进去。 --The football field is enclosed by a wall. 足球场被一道墙围了起来。 --I enclose herewith a cheque for 20 pounds. 随信附上二十镑支票一张。 surround 最普通用词，常强调一种令人不快的带有敌意的或危险的包围 --The prison is surrounded by a high wall. envelope 强调某物被掩盖或遮蔽 --The peak is enveloped in the clouds.山峰深藏在云雾之中 encircle 强调被围物体较紧密的聚集 --It’s no good encircling the waist with a girdle. 用腰带束腰 13. besides prep. in addition to; apart from 除... ...之外（还有） --Besides milk and cheese, we need vegetables. 除了牛奶和干酪外，我们还需要蔬菜。 ad. in addition ; also 而且，此外 --I don't want to come out now, and besides, I must work. 我现在不想出去，而且我还得工作。 14. fasten vt. secure or fix (sth.) firmly 使牢固，使固定，把物品系在一起使其固定 --You can use a clip to fasten papers together.用回型针把文件别在一起 --I fastened the lamp to the wall over my bed. 固定在床头的墙上 tie 指用绳索等将东西扎紧 --Jane wrapped and tied the package before she mailed it. bind 指把两个或两个以上的物品牢牢地系在一起 --Bind the gangster to the seat with rope lest he should escape. 把匪徒用绳子绑在座位上以免他逃跑。 15. extinguish vt. 1. cause (sth.) to stop burning; put out 使熄灭，扑灭 --Smoking is forbidden here. Please extinguish your cigarette. 2. end the existence of (hope, love, passion, etc.)使(希望、爱情、感情等)破灭 --Nothing could extinguish his faith in future.使他对未来的信念破灭 3. obscure; eclipse.使黯然失色；使相形见绌 --His discovery extinguished the achievements of his colleague. extinction n. the act of extinguishing. 灭绝