上大￥1，Voting in Public SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Presidential 1200 1200 Est 1.100 1000 900 B80 800 Total Contributions to 700 Presidentiel Candidates 600 529 S500 426 400 324 331 300 202 200 171 ●162 100 0 1 1975-76 1979-90 198384 1987-88 19g293 1gg5-96 19992000 200304 2005 2007 05 Congressional 1400 1300 1.256 1200 1.100 1000 950 900 Spending by Average Congressional Winner 800 781 696 700 600 500 446 400 308 300 239 200 100 100 176 1979-80 1983-84 1987-B8 1991-92 1g95-g6 199-2000 2003-042005 2007 06 -08 FIGURE 8. THE GROWING COSTS OF CAMPAIGNS Note:Fiyures include campaign and party expenditures but exclude expenditures by independent sroups.Estimate for 2007-08 by Center foe Responsive Politic. Source:Center for Reponsive Politics
1, Voting in Public Choice
上游充通大学 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY 1,Voting in Public Choice Why Americans Don't Vote 90.00% 80.00% 70.00% 强 60.00% MMRMAA 50.00% 40.00% 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 1日日G US presidencial UK generalGerman federal Japan general India general
1, Voting in Public Choice Why Americans Don't Vote
FIGURE 7.6 Voter Turnout in Presidential and Midterm Elections,1892-2010 Since the 1800s.participation in elections has declined substantially.One pattern is consistent across time:more Americans tend to vote in presidential election years than in years when only congressional and local elections are held.What are some of the reasons that participation rose and fell during the last century? SOURCES:Erlk Austin and Jerome Clubo,Polltleal Facts of the United States since 1789 (New York Columbia Untversity Press.1986).pp.37B-7D;and U.S.Censas Butoa www.census.govcompend aystatab/tables/08s0404 pat (aocessed 4/7/08)Mathew Daly."Vofer turnout Increases from last mlderm In 2006,:Washingtaon Past November 3,2010. PERCENTAGE Benjamin WHO VOTED Ginsberg and Theodore J. During the late nineteenth and earty twentleth centures,refomms such as Lowi,Margaret requlrements for voter reglstration Weir and Robert discouraged voters from going to the polls. 80% J.Spitzer,We Arter 1960.polltical partles grew the People:An During the New Deal era,poirticlans weaker and less llkely to Introduction to mobltze voters. 70% and unions moblltzed urban Immlgrants to vote for the first time. American Politics,New G0% York and London: W.W.Norton Presidential election Company,2011, 509% p.218. 409% AAMLLMAAAAAN Midtemm election 309% Turout In the 2010 mlaterm elections was estimated at 42 Dercent of registered voters,about 1.2 percentage 20% ponts higher than In 2006 10% 1892 1904 19161928194019521E84197G198820002010
Benjamin Ginsberg and Theodore J. Lowi, Margaret Weir and Robert J. Spitzer, We the People: An Introduction to American Politics, New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, 2011, p.218
上浒充通大学 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY 1,Voting in Public Choice Voters:Costs and Benefits Small probability of a Approval ballot by marks person's vote Instructions:Vote for as many changing election candidates as you'd like. outcome Disincentive to vote Joe Smith Low voter turnouts Henry Ford a result of cost Jane Doe benefit calculation Fred Rubble Mary Hill
1, Voting in Public Choice Voters: Costs and Benefits Small probability of a person‟s vote changing election outcome Disincentive to vote Low voter turnouts : a result of cost – benefit calculation
上游充通大学 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY 1,Voting in Public Choice Voters and Rational Ignorance Benefits of becoming an informed voter often outweighed by the costs. Many believe that becoming informed is simply not worth the effort. 漏 May make sense to be uninformed about politics and government,to be rationally ignorant. SHAN
1, Voting in Public Choice Voters and Rational Ignorance Benefits of becoming an informed voter often outweighed by the costs. Many believe that becoming informed is simply not worth the effort. May make sense to be uninformed about politics and government, to be rationally ignorant