Case study 2 The experience of Eastern Europe Countries such as Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Russia experienced steady improvements in life expectancy after World War‖ These increases ceased and life expectancies began to decline as the economies of these countries have faltered .In russia life expectancy has fallen from 65 years in 1987 to 59 years in 1993
Case Study 2 •Countries such as Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Russia experienced steady improvements in life expectancy after World War II. •These increases ceased and life expectancies began to decline as the economies of these countries have faltered. •In Russia life expectancy has fallen from 65 years in 1987 to 59 years in 1993. The experience of Eastern Europe The experience of Eastern Europe
Case study 3 Economic growth and prosperity Japan best illustrates the relationship between narrow income spreads and improved overall health status. Between 1965 and 1990 it leaped ahead of all other industrialized countries despite increased dietary fat and increased smoking rates Life expectancy was 63.6 years for males and 67.8 years for females in 1955 By 1991 it had increased to 76. 1 for males and 82. 1 years for females
Case Study 3 Economic growth and prosperity •Japan best illustrates the relationship between narrow income spreads and improved overall health status. Between 1965 and 1990 it leaped ahead of all other industrialized countries despite increased dietary fat and increased smoking rates. •Life expectancy was 63.6 years for males and 67.8 years for females in 1955. •By 1991 it had increased to 76.1 for males and 82.1 years for females
社会经济、社会支持、个人自尊 和自我监控能力等都是对健康起 决定性作用的因素
社会经济、社会支持、个人自尊 和自我监控能力等都是对健康起 决定性作用的因素
健康决定因素
健康决定因素
HEALTH DETERMINANTS. Frenk(1991) Health is a crossroad where social and biological factors come together POPULATION C Cult Family Planning ture Genetic counselin 8 R HEALTH CARE Ideologi e Level of SYSTEM d Wealth Health L Sciencie romotion Living Technolo Conditions LIFESTYLES PRevention c ndividual R Ocupational o C Publicity Susceptibil G Political BloLoGlcA Structure INstitution k EDucation Fs a t Diagnosi in t+Social W HEALTH Z i Securit STATUS A Economic C Treatmen T Structure n Social Stratificat. c mArket DISEASE AGENTS R H Occupational Health Biolog Rlsk Vironm. health N Chemical k u Serv Pollution Physic ENVIRONMENTS (Environmental Risks
HEA LTH DE T ERMINAN T S. Frenk ( 1991) H ealth is a crossroad, w here social and biological f actors com e t ogether. S O C I A L O R G N I Z A T I O N P O P U L A T I O N St r uct u r e & Function of Bod y Cultur e & Ide ologi e S cie n cie & Te chnologi e Political Instit utio n s Eco n o mic St r uct u r e Lev el of We alth Ocu patio n al St r uct u r e S ocial St r atific at. R e d i s t r i b u t i o n M e c. HE A L T H C ARE SYST E M F a mily Planning E N V I R O N M E N T W o r k i n g C o n. O c c u p a t i o n R i k s Li ving Condition s ---- --- - - P ublicit y Ed u catio n So cial Secu rity Ma r k et Comi Hd a o u s In divid u al S usceptibility HE ALTH ST AT U S DIS E A S E AGEN T S (Biolog, Che mical Ph y sical) Pollutio n (E n viron m ental Ris k s) LIFES T Y LES F a m i l y S t r u c t O ccup ational H e alth SeEnvrvironm. Health Serv Diagno sis & Treatment G enetic cou nselin g Preventio n Health Promotio n B I O L O G I C A L R I S k S