Introduction ●●●0●●●●●●●●●●●●●●00●●●●●●●●●●●000●●●●●●●●●●●0●● you decided to delve further into the fascinating world of organic chemistry.It's a complex area of chemistry,but understanding organic It simply takes hard worl any arer to in erac the way they do. Organic chemistry il is a more intricate course than the typical freshman introductory che study habits you developed)in Organic I to be successful in Organic lI.But if you work hard,you can get through your Organic lI course.More importantly, you may grow to appreciate the myriad chemical reactions that take place in the diverse world of organic chemistry. About This Book Organic Chemistry For Dumies is an overview of the material covered in cond half of a typical college-level organic chemistry c ourse.We have npt to keep the material as current as possible,but the field and the fields of biochemistry and biotechnology inspire new avenues of research.The basics,however,stay the same,and they are where we concentrate our attention. As you flip through this book,you see a lot of chemical structures and molecules involved i nemistry,so you onal groups,from you previous semester's study. If you bought this book jus gain g ut a fa cinating a topic that interests you,stop and dive in.Have fun learning so If you're taking an organic chemistry course. ou can use this rather inexpensive book to supplement that very expensive organic textbook
Introduction Welcome to Organic Chemistry II For Dummies. We’re certainly happy you decided to delve further into the fascinating world of organic chemistry. It’s a complex area of chemistry, but understanding organic chemistry isn’t really that difficult. It simply takes hard work, attention to detail, some imagination, and the desire to know. Organic chemistry, like any area of chemistry, is not a spectator sport. You need to interact with the material, try different study techniques, and ask yourself why things happen the way they do. Organic Chemistry II is a more intricate course than the typical freshman introductory chemistry course, and you may find that it’s also more involved than Organic I. You may actually need to use those things you learned (and study habits you developed) in Organic I to be successful in Organic II. But if you work hard, you can get through your Organic II course. More importantly, you may grow to appreciate the myriad chemical reactions that take place in the diverse world of organic chemistry. About This Book Organic Chemistry II For Dummies is an overview of the material covered in the second half of a typical college-level organic chemistry course. We have made every attempt to keep the material as current as possible, but the field of chemistry is changing ever so quickly as new reactions are developed and the fields of biochemistry and biotechnology inspire new avenues of research. The basics, however, stay the same, and they are where we concentrate our attention. As you flip through this book, you see a lot of chemical structures and reactions. Much of organic chemistry involves knowing the structures of the molecules involved in organic reactions. If you’re in an Organic Chemistry II course, you made it through the first semester of organic chemistry, so you recognize many of the structures, or at least the functional groups, from your previous semester’s study. If you bought this book just to gain general knowledge about a fascinating subject, try not to get bogged down in the details. Skim the chapters. If you find a topic that interests you, stop and dive in. Have fun learning something new. If you’re taking an organic chemistry course, you can use this rather inexpensive book to supplement that very expensive organic textbook. 03_178157-intro.indd 1 5/28/10 9:44 AM
2 Organic Chemistry ll For Dummies Conventions used in This Book We have organized this book in a logical progression of topics;your second semester organic chemistry course may progress similarly.In addition,we set up the following conventions to make navigating this book easier: ltalics introduce new terms that you need to know. Bold text highlights keywords within a bulleted list e extensive use of illustrations of st g.try to folle they be actions What You're Not to Read You don't have a whole lot of money invested in this book,so don't feel you need help.Feel refer to as sidebars).Although interesting,they aren't required reading. Foolish Assumptions We assume-and we all know about the perils of assumptions-that you are one of the following: A student taking a college-level organic chemistry course. 一amt0mewCkr8roeapdemistntorsomc5preasandaraiaod An individual who just wants to know something about organic chemistry category,you're special and we hope you enjoy this nyway
2 Organic Chemistry II For Dummies Conventions Used in This Book We have organized this book in a logical progression of topics; your second semester organic chemistry course may progress similarly. In addition, we set up the following conventions to make navigating this book easier: ✓ Italics introduce new terms that you need to know. ✓ Bold text highlights keywords within a bulleted list. ✓ We make extensive use of illustrations of structures and reactions. While reading, try to follow along in the associated figures, whether they be structures or reactions. What You’re Not to Read You don’t have a whole lot of money invested in this book, so don’t feel obliged to read what you don’t need. Concentrate on the topic(s) in which you need help. Feel free to skip over any text in a gray shaded box (which we refer to as sidebars). Although interesting, they aren’t required reading. Foolish Assumptions We assume — and we all know about the perils of assumptions — that you are one of the following: ✓ A student taking a college-level organic chemistry course. ✓ A student reviewing organic chemistry for some type of standardized exam (the MCAT, for example). ✓ An individual who just wants to know something about organic chemistry. If you fall into a different category, you’re special and we hope you enjoy this book anyway. 03_178157-intro.indd 2 5/28/10 9:44 AM
Introduction 3 How This Book Is Organized The topics in this book are divided into six parts.Use the following descriptions and the table of contents to map out your strategy of study. Part 1:Brushing Up on Important Organic Chemistry Concepts Part I is really a rapid review of many of the concepts found in an Organic Chemistry I course.It's designed to review the topics that you need in Organic Il.We set the stage by giving you an overview of Organic Chemistry II,and then review mechanisms.Next we cover alcohols and ethers,their onsaturated systemsno onwd by an verw o con his review sectio UV-visible,mass spec.and,of on wI cuss Part 11:Discovering Aromatic (And Not So Aromatic)Compounds In Part II we concentrate on aromatic systems,starting with the basics of structure and properties of benzene and then moving on to related aromatic compounds.We even throw in a section of spectroscopy of aromatic compounds.Chapters 7 and 8 finish up this part by going into detail about substitution reactions of aromatic compounds.You find out all you ever wanted to know (and maybe more)about electrophilic and nucleophilic substitutions,along with a little about elimination reactions. Part I11:Carbonyls:Good Alcohols Gone Bad In Part I we cover that broad category of organic compounds of carbony cs,in nd ke and erpy ates,and into dsand their derivatives
Introduction 3 How This Book Is Organized The topics in this book are divided into six parts. Use the following descriptions and the table of contents to map out your strategy of study. Part I: Brushing Up on Important Organic Chemistry I Concepts Part I is really a rapid review of many of the concepts found in an Organic Chemistry I course. It’s designed to review the topics that you need in Organic II. We set the stage by giving you an overview of Organic Chemistry II, and then review mechanisms. Next we cover alcohols and ethers, their properties, synthesis, and reactions; followed by an overview of conjugated unsaturated systems. We end this review section with a discussion of spectroscopy, including IR, UV-visible, mass spec, and, of course, NMR. A whirlwind tour of Organic I! Part II: Discovering Aromatic (And Not So Aromatic) Compounds In Part II we concentrate on aromatic systems, starting with the basics of structure and properties of benzene and then moving on to related aromatic compounds. We even throw in a section of spectroscopy of aromatic compounds. Chapters 7 and 8 finish up this part by going into detail about substitution reactions of aromatic compounds. You find out all you ever wanted to know (and maybe more) about electrophilic and nucleophilic substitutions, along with a little about elimination reactions. Part III: Carbonyls: Good Alcohols Gone Bad In Part III we cover that broad category of organic compounds called the carbonyls. First we give you an overview of carbonyl basics, including structure, reactivity, and spectroscopy. Then we go into more detail on aldehydes and ketones, enols and enolates, and carboxylic acids and their derivatives. 03_178157-intro.indd 3 5/28/10 9:44 AM
4 Organic Chemistry ll For Dummies Part IV:Advanced Topics (Every Student's Nightmare) In Part IV we start by taking a closer look at nitrogen compounds and their structure reactivity,and reactions Then we move on to organometalli compound whe we meet the infa eaction.We th en finish Dy a Part V:Pulling It All Together I Part Vweshow you allthe previous information togethe and usetoote ynteta for desis ne-ste p ee the dre Part VI:The Part of Tens In this final part of the book we discuss ten surefire ways toflunk ase your che orgar Icons Used in This Book If you have ever read other For Dummies books(such as the wonderful Chemistry For Dummies or Biochemistry For Dummies,written by yours truly and published by Wiley),you recognize the icons used in this book.The following four icons can guide you to certain kinds of information: MBE a concept. the two experience.We've learned a few tricks along the way and we donmin haring
4 Organic Chemistry II For Dummies Part IV: Advanced Topics (Every Student’s Nightmare) In Part IV we start by taking a closer look at nitrogen compounds and their structure, reactivity, and reactions. Then we move on to organometallic compounds, where we meet the infamous Grignard reaction. We then finish up this part by addressing some more-involved reactions of the carbonyls and biomolecules. You pick up some good hints for synthesis and roadmaps here. Part V: Pulling It All Together In Part V we show you how to pull all the previous information together and use it to develop strategies for designing synthesis reactions. We talk about both one-step and multistep synthesis as well as retrosynthetic analysis. Then we tackle the dreaded organic roadmaps. (We all wish we had an organic chemistry GPS here.) Part VI: The Part of Tens In this final part of the book we discuss ten surefire ways to flunk your organic chemistry class (so you know what to avoid) along with ten ways to increase your grade on those organic chemistry exams. Icons Used in This Book If you have ever read other For Dummies books (such as the wonderful Chemistry For Dummies or Biochemistry For Dummies, written by yours truly and published by Wiley), you recognize the icons used in this book. The following four icons can guide you to certain kinds of information: This icon is a flag for those really important things that you shouldn’t forget as you go deeper into the world of organic chemistry. We use this icon to alert you to a tip on the easiest or quickest way to learn a concept. Between the two of us, we have almost 70 years of teaching experience. We’ve learned a few tricks along the way and we don’t mind sharing. 03_178157-intro.indd 4 5/28/10 9:44 AM
Introduction 5 oints to a ential outcome that can be avn the e el row meteam more in-depth than you might need.You won't hurt your education by skipping it. Where to Go from Here D. this chapters inde ent so that you can terial that's Part I.If you want a general overview of organic chemistry,skim the remainder of the book.Take a deeper plunge into a chapter when you find a topic that interests you or one in which you really need help. And for all of you,no matter who you are or why you're reading this book, we hope you have fun reading it and that it helps you to understand and appreciate organic chemistry
Introduction 5 The warning icon points to a procedure or potential outcome that can be dangerous. We call it our Don’t-Try-This-At-Home icon. We try to avoid getting too technical throughout this book (believe it or not), but every now and then we can’t help but throw something in that is a little more in-depth than you might need. You won’t hurt your education by skipping it. Where to Go from Here The answer to this question really depends of your prior knowledge and goals. As with all For Dummies books, this one attempts to make all the chapters independent so that you can dive right into the material that’s causing you trouble without having to read other chapters first. If you feel comfortable with the topics covered in Organic Chemistry I, feel free to skip Part I. If you want a general overview of organic chemistry, skim the remainder of the book. Take a deeper plunge into a chapter when you find a topic that interests you or one in which you really need help. And for all of you, no matter who you are or why you’re reading this book, we hope you have fun reading it and that it helps you to understand and appreciate organic chemistry. 03_178157-intro.indd 5 5/28/10 9:44 AM