chlorides Chlorides in natural water result from the leaching of chloride-containing rocks and soils with which the water comes in contact. and in coastal areas from saltwater intrusion Human excreta contain about 6 g of chlorides per person per day. If hardness of water is high, home regeneration type water softeners will also add large quantities of chlorides Because conventional methods of waste treatment do not remove chloride to any significant extent, higher than usual chloride concentrations can be taken as an indication that a body of water is being used for waste disposal
Chlorides Chlorides in natural water result from the leaching of chloride-containing rocks and soils with which the water comes in contact, and in coastal areas from saltwater intrusion. Human excreta contain about 6 g of chlorides per person per day. If hardness of water is high, home regeneration type water softeners will also add large quantities of chlorides. Because conventional methods of waste treatment do not remove chloride to any significant extent, higher than usual chloride concentrations can be taken as an indication that a body of water is being used for waste disposal
Alkalinity alkalinity in wastewater results from the presence of the hydroxides [oh] carbonates [Co22-I, and bicarbonates [HCO3 of elements such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and ammonia. Of these, calcium and magnesium bicarbonates are most common The alkalinity in wastewater helps to resist changes in pH caused by the addition of acids alkalinity is determined by titrating against a standard acid In practice, alkalinity is expressed in terms of calcium carbonate. 3 meq/l of alkalinity would be expressed as 150 mg/L as Caco
Alkalinity Alkalinity in wastewater results from the presence of the hydroxides [OH- ], carbonates [CO3 2- ], and bicarbonates [HCO3 - ] of elements such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and ammonia. Of these, calcium and magnesium bicarbonates are most common. The alkalinity in wastewater helps to resist changes in pH caused by the addition of acids. Alkalinity is determined by titrating against a standard acid . In practice, alkalinity is expressed in terms of calcium carbonate. 3 meq/L of alkalinity would be expressed as 150 mg/L as CaCO3
Nitrogen Nitrogen is an essential building block in the synthesis of protein. Insufficient nitrogen can necessitate the addition of nitrogen to make the waste treatable Sources of Nitrogen (1) plant and animal origin, (2)sodium nitrate, ()atomspheric nitrogen Forms of Nitrogen The chemistry of nitrogen is complex because of the several oxidation states
Nitrogen Nitrogen is an essential building block in the synthesis of protein . Insufficient nitrogen can necessitate the addition of nitrogen to make the waste treatable. Sources of Nitrogen (1) plant and animal origin, (2) sodium nitrate, (3)atomspheric nitrogen. Forms of Nitrogen The chemistry of nitrogen is complex because of the several oxidation states
The most common and important forms of nitrogen are ammonia, ammonium, nitrogen gas, nitrite ion, and nitrate ion. The oxidation state of nitrogen in most organic compounds is -III Tab 2-5 Definition of the various terms used to define various nitrogen species Urea readily converted to ammonium carbonate, is seldom found in untreated municipal wastewaters. Organic nitrogen is determined analytically using the Kjeldald method Total Kjeldabl nitrogen is the total of the organic and ammonia nitrogen
The most common and important forms of nitrogen are ammonia , ammonium, nitrogen gas , nitrite ion , and nitrate ion . The oxidation state of nitrogen in most organic compounds is -III. Tab 2-5 Definition of the various terms used to define various nitrogen species Urea readily converted to ammonium carbonate, is seldom found in untreated municipal wastewaters. Organic nitrogen is determined analytically using the Kjeldald method. Total Kjeldabl nitrogen is the total of the organic and ammonia nitrogen
Ammonia nitrogen exists in aqueous solution as either the ammonium ion(NH4 )or ammonia gas(NH3), depending on the ph of the solution Nitrite nitrogen, determined colorimetrically, is relativel unstable oxidized to the nitrate form. Nitrite can be very important in wastewater or water pollution studies because it is extremely toxic to most fish and other aquatic species Nitrites present in wastewater effluents are oxidized by chlorine and thus increase the chlorine dosage requirements and the cost of disinfection The U.s. EPa primary drinking water standards limit nitrogen to 45 mg/L as NO,, because of its serious and occasionally fatal effects on infants. nitrates may vary in concentration from0 to 20 mg/L as n in wastewater effluents
Ammonia nitrogen exists in aqueous solution as either the ammonium ion (NH4 + ) or ammonia gas (NH3 ), depending on the pH of the solution. Nitrite nitrogen, determined colorimetrically, is relatively unstable oxidized to the nitrate form. Nitrite can be very important in wastewater or water pollution studies because it is extremely toxic to most fish and other aquatic species . Nitrites present in wastewater effluents are oxidized by chlorine and thus increase the chlorine dosage requirements and the cost of disinfection. The U.S. EPA primary drinking water standards limit nitrogen to 45 mg/L as NO3 - , because of its serious and occasionally fatal effects on infants. Nitrates may vary in concentration from 0 to 20 mg/L as N in wastewater effluents