DNA Sequencing and the Human Genome Project hIstory oTechnology ° Analysis
DNA Sequencing and the Human Genome Project •History •Technology •Analysis
History Timeline 1953 James watson and francis Crick discover the double helical structure of DNA( Nature 1972 Paul berg and co-workers create the first recombinant DNA molecule (PNAS 1977 Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert(pictured) at Harvard University and Frederick Sanger at the U.K. Medical Research Council (MRC) independently develop methods for sequencing DNA(PNA February: PNAS, December)
History • Timeline – 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick discover the double helical structure of DNA ( Nature ). – 1972 Paul Berg and co-workers create the first recombinant DNA molecule ( PNAS ). – 1977 Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert (pictured) at Harvard University and Frederick Sanger at the U.K. Medical Research Council (MRC) independently develop methods for sequencing DNA ( PNAS , February; PNAS , December)
History(cont'd) 1980 David Botstein of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Ronald Davis of Stanford University, and Mark Skolnick and Ray White of the University of Utah propose a method to map the entire human genome based on RFLPs(American ournal of Human Genetics 1984 Charles Cantor and David Schwartz of Columbia Univers ity develop pulsed field electrophoresis MRC SCientists decipher the complete DNA sequence of the Epstein-Barr virus, 170 kb 1985 Kary Mullis and colleagues at Cetus Corp. develop PCR, a technique to replicate vast amounts of dNa 1986 Sydney Brenner, DOE, Renato Dulbecco, CSH Symposium all publicly advocate a human genome project. Not everyone convinced!
History (cont’d) – 1980 David Botstein of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Ronald Davis of Stanford University, and Mark Skolnick and Ray White of the University of Utah propose a method to map the entire human genome based on RFLPs (American Journal of Human Genetics ). – 1984 Charles Cantor and David Schwartz of Columbia University develop pulsed field electrophoresis MRC scientists decipher the complete DNA sequence of the Epstein-Barr virus, 170 kb – 1985 Kary Mullis and colleagues at Cetus Corp. develop PCR , a technique to replicate vast amounts of DNA – 1986 Sydney Brenner, DOE, Renato Dulbecco, CSH Symposium all publicly advocate a human genome project. Not everyone convinced!
History(cont'd) 1986 Leroy Hood and Lloyd Smith of the California Institute of Technology and colleagues announce the first automated DNA Sequencing machine 1987 An advisory panel suggests that DOE should spend $l billion on mapping and sequencing the human genome over the next 7 years and that DOE should lead the U.S. effort. DOE's Human Genome Initiative begins David Burke, Maynard Olson, and George Carle of Washington University in St. Louis develop YACs(left) for cloning, increasing DuPont scientists develop a system for rapid DNA sequencing with fluorescent chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides(Marv Caruthers in Biochem, one of the patent holders) Applied Biosystems Inc, puts the first automated se based on Hoods technology on the market
History (cont’d) – 1986 Leroy Hood and Lloyd Smith of the California Institute of Technology and colleagues announce the first automated DNA sequencing machine – 1987 An advisory panel suggests that DOE should spend $1 billion on mapping and sequencing the human genome over the next 7 yearsand that DOE should lead the U.S. effort. DOE's Human Genome Initiative begins. David Burke ,Maynard Olson , and George Carle of Washington University in St. Louis develop YACs (left) for cloning, increasing insert size 10-fold DuPont scientists develop a system for rapid DNA sequencing with fluorescent chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides (Marv Caruthers, in Biochem, one of the patent holders) Applied Biosystems Inc. puts the first automated sequencing machine, based on Hood's technology, on the market
History(cont'd) 1988 NIH establishes the Office of Human Genome Research and snags Watson (pictured) as its head. Watson declares that 3%o of the genome budget should be devoted to studies of social and ethical issues -1989 Olson, Hood, Botstein, and Cantor outline a new mapping strategy, using STS DOE and Nih start a joint committee on the ethical, legal, and social implications of the HGP NIH office is elevated to the National Center for Human Genome research (NCHGR), with grant-awarding authority
History (cont’d) – 1988 NIH establishes the Office of Human Genome Research and snags Watson (pictured) as its head. Watson declares that 3% of the genome budget should be devoted to studies of social and ethical issues. – 1989 Olson ,Hood ,Botstein , and Cantor outline a new mapping strategy, using STSs. DOE and NIH start a joint committee on the ethical, legal, and social implications of the HGP. NIH office is elevated to the National Center for Human Genome Research (NCHGR), with grant-awarding authority