第五章情态动词和虚拟语气 、情态动词的语法特征 (1)情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生 (2)情态动词除 ought和have外,后面只能接不带to的不定式 (3)情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。 4)情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式、分词、动名词等形式 二、虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,所说的是一个条件,多半不是事实,或与 事实相反。 高考重点要求 1、情态动词的基本用法 2、情态动词表示推测的语义差别 3、情态动词后接不定式完成体的不同意义 4、虚拟语气中情态动词的用法 第一节知识点概述 一、情态动词 (一)情态动词种类 l.can表示体力或脑力方面的“能力”、“技能”或根据客观条件能做某种动作的“可 能性”,但表示人的体力或智力的具体动作时须用 be able He was able to do that without any help他不需要任何帮助就能完成这项工作 2.may表示“允许,可以”,相当于 be allowed to may或 might可和aswe连用,表示“建议”,译为“还是…的为好” You may as well keep a certain distance from that mad man.你们还是离那疯子远点为好 You might as well go home now.你还是现在回家为好 3.must表示“必须”或“应当”、“一定”。 4. have to加动词原形,表示“不得不”,“必须”,它比must更强调客观。 Tom had to work into the deep night every day to earn a living.汤姆为了生计每天都得工 作到深夜 5. should表示“劝告”,“建议”或“义务”时,译作“应当”,或表示“预测”和 可能” He should take care of his parents as they are old enough not to live on themselves. HFX 母亲老了,不能自理,他应当照顾他们 He should be there now.他应该在那儿 should have done在虚拟语气中表示“责备或后悔” 6. ought,只有一种形式,且 ought后必须加to,然后跟接动词原形表示“有义务”或 必要”做某事,译为“应当,应该” 7.dare可以用作情态动词,后面跟不带to的动词不定式,这主要用于否定句中,它本
第五章 情态动词和虚拟语气 一、情态动词的语法特征 (1)情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。 (2)情态动词 除 ought 和 have 外,后面只能接不带 to 的不定式。 (3)情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。 (4)情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式、分词、动名词等形式。 二、虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,所说的是一个条件,多半不是事实,或与 事实相反。 高考重点要求: 1、情态动词的基本用法 2、情态动词表示推测的语义差别 3、情态动词后接不定式完成体的不同意义 4、虚拟语气中情态动词的用法 第一节 知识点概述 一、情态动词 (一)情态动词种类 1. can 表示体力或脑力方面的“能力”、“技能”或根据客观条件能做某种动作的“可 能性”, 但表示人的体力或智力的具体动作时须用 be able to . He was able to do that without any help.他不需要任何帮助就能完成这项工作。 2. may 表示“允许,可以”,相当于 be allowed to . may 或 might 可和 as well 连用,表示“建议”,译为“还是……的为好” You may as well keep a certain distance from that mad man. 你们还是离那疯子远点为好。 You might as well go home now.你还是现在回家为好。 3. must 表示“必须”或“应当”、“一定”。 4. have to 加动词原形,表示“不得不”,“必须”,它比 must 更强调客观。 Tom had to work into the deep night every day to earn a living. 汤姆为了生计每天都得工 作到深夜。 5. should 表示“劝告”,“建议”或“义务”时,译作“应当”,或表示“预测”和 “可能”。 He should take care of his parents as they are old enough not to live on themselves. 由于父 母亲老了,不能自理,他应当照顾他们。 He should be there now. 他应该在那儿。 should have done 在虚拟语气中表示“责备或后悔”。 6. ought ,只有一种形式,且 ought 后必须加 to,然后跟接动词原形表示“有义务”或 “必要”做某事,译为“应当,应该”。 7. dare 可以用作情态动词,后面跟不带 to 的动词不定式,这主要用于否定句中,它本
身可有现在时第三人称单数,词尾加s,它还可以有ing分词形式( daring)和过去式及ed分 词形式( dared)。 (二)情态动词在一般时否定句中的用法 cant( cannot)表示“不可能”, may not表示“不可以”, mustnt( must no)表示 定不要”,“不许可”, needn't( need not)表示“不必”, dare not+动词原形表示“不敢”。 He can't finish his essay by this time.现在他不可能写完论文。 He may not sleep now.他或许现在没在睡觉。 You mustn't criticize her in that way.你不应那样批评她 You neednt come tomorrow.你明天没必要来了。 He dared not meet his fiancee.他不敢见女朋友。 (三)can,may,must三者用法比较 can,may,must是三个最重要的情态动词,其基本句型如下: 肯定句:主语+can,may,must+动词原形 否定句:主语+can,may,must+not+动词原形 疑问句:Can,May,Must+主语+动词原形 can,may,must的肯定句 You may eat lunch, but you must wash your hands 你可以吃饭,但是你必须洗手。 a.表示能力;能,会 她很会跑,但是我不会 b.表示可能;能够 I can get there in ten minutes 我十分钟之后就可以到那儿 表示一种可能性) c.表示允许:许可 You can use this dictionary 你可以用这本字典 dcan和 be able to比较 can只有现在式和过去式,而 be able to可以用于各种时态。 an( could)表示能力时,可用 be able to代替 lcan(= am able to) pay for the book.我买得起那本书。 He will be able to tell you the news soon.他很快就能告诉你消息了 She has been able to come to school 她已经能去学校了 (2)may a.表示请求、许可 May I borrow your pen? 我可以借你的钢笔用一用吗? b.可能、或许
身可有现在时第三人称单数,词尾加 s,它还可以有 ing 分词形式(daring)和过去式及 ed 分 词形式(dared)。 (二)情态动词在一般时否定句中的用法 can't(cannot) 表示“不可能”, may not 表示“不可以”, mustn't(must not) 表示“一 定不要”,“不许可”,needn't (need not) 表示“不必”,dare not +动词原形表示“不敢”。 He can't finish his essay by this time. 现在他不可能写完论文。 He may not sleep now. 他或许现在没在睡觉。 You mustn't criticize her in that way. 你不应那样批评她。 You needn't come tomorrow. 你明天没必要来了。 He dared not meet his fiancée. 他不敢见女朋友。 (三)can,may,must 三者用法比较 can,may,must 是三个最重要的情态动词,其基本句型如下: 肯定句:主语+can,may,must +动词原形 否定句:主语+can,may,must +not +动词原形 疑问句:Can,May,Must +主语+动词原形 1. can,may,must 的肯定句 You may eat lunch,but you must wash your hands. 你可以吃饭,但是你必须洗手。 (1)can a.表示能力;能,会 She can run fast,but I can't. 她很会跑,但是我不会。 b.表示可能;能够 I can get there in ten minutes. 我十分钟之后就可以到那儿。 (表示一种可能性) c.表示允许;许可 You can use this dictionary. 你可以用这本字典。 d.can 和 be able to 比较 can 只有现在式和过去式,而 be able to 可以用于各种时态。 can(could)表示能力时,可用 be able to 代替。 I can(=am able to)pay for the book. 我买得起那本书。 He will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。 She has been able to come to school. 她已经能去学校了。 (2)may a.表示请求、许可 May I borrow your pen? 我可以借你的钢笔用一用吗? b.可能、或许
Tomorrow I may go shopping 明天,我可能(或许)去商店买东西 He might be our new teacher 他或许是我们的新老师。 (3)must a必须、应该(表示有做某一动作的必要或义务) You must buy a ticket 你必须买一张票 b.一定、准是(表示有把握的判断或推测,一般只用于肯定句中) 在 You must这一句型中,它的意思与祈使句相同。 You must get up early. =Get up early. 你必须早起。 You must study hard. =Study hard 你必须用功读书 He must be our new teach 他肯定是我们的新老师 2表示推测的用法 can, could,may, might,must皆可用来表示推测,其用法如下: a. could, might表示推测时不表示时态,其推测的程度不如can,may b.can, could用于否定句和疑问句中。 句型:主语+cant, couldnt+be+动词ing.(否定句 Can,Coud+主语+be+动词ing.(疑问句) They can't be cleaning the room now.他们现在不可能在打扫房间 c.may, might,must用在肯定句中 句型:主语+may, might,must+be+动词-in (表示对现在发生动作的推测) He must be sleeping.他现在肯定在睡觉。 d.但如果上述这些词(must,cant.)+have+过去分词则指对过去已发生的事进行推 The road is wet. It must have rained last night 地是湿的;昨天晚上肯定下雨了。 There isn't any water on the road. It(can't )couldnt have rained last night 地面上一个水滴都没有,昨天不可能下雨了 (四) have to的用法 1.have(has)to+动词原形 have(has)to后面要用动词原形。当主语为第三人称单数时用 has to,当句子是过去时 用 had to We have to leave now 我们不得不现在就离开 He has to work on Sunday. 他不得不在周日工作 I had to do my homework last Sunday
Tomorrow I may go shopping. 明天,我可能(或许)去商店买东西。 He might be our new teacher. 他或许是我们的新老师。 (3)must a.必须、应该(表示有做某一动作的必要或义务) You must buy a ticket. 你必须买一张票。 b.一定、准是(表示有把握的判断或推测,一般只用于肯定句中) 在 You must 这一句型中,它的意思与祈使句相同。 You must get up early. =Get up early. 你必须早起。 You must study hard. =Study hard. 你必须用功读书。 He must be our new teacher. 他肯定是我们的新老师。 2.表示推测的用法 can , could ,may ,might ,must 皆可用来表示推测,其用法如下: a.could ,might 表示推测时不表示时态,其推测的程度不如 can ,may。 b.can ,could 用于否定句和疑问句中。 句型:主语+ can't , couldn't +be +动词 ing.(否定句) Can ,Could +主语 +be +动词 ing.(疑问句) They can't be cleaning the room now.他们现在不可能在打扫房间。 c.may ,might , must 用在肯定句中。 句型:主语+ may ,might ,must +be +动词 -ing (表示对现在发生动作的推测) He must be sleeping . 他现在肯定在睡觉。 d.但如果上述这些词 (must ,can't… ) + have +过去分词则指对过去已发生的事进行推 测。 The road is wet. It must have rained last night . 地是湿的;昨天晚上肯定下雨了。 There isn't any water on the road . It (can't ) couldn't have rained last night . 地面上一个水滴都没有,昨天不可能下雨了。 (四) have to 的用法 1. have(has)to +动词原形 have(has)to 后面要用动词原形。当主语为第三人称单数时用 has to,当句子是过去时 用 had to。 We have to leave now. 我们不得不现在就离开。 He has to work on Sunday. 他不得不在周日工作。 I had to do my homework last Sunday
上周日,我不得不做作业。 2 have to的否定句 句型:主语+dont( doesnt,didn't, will not) have to+动词原形 You don' t have to walk so fast 你不必走那么快 He will not have to buy a new coat next year 明年,他没必要买新外衣了。 3 have to的疑问句 句型:Do(Does,Did,Wl)+主语+ have to+动词原形? Do you have to study maths now? 你现在必须学数字吗? Yes,Ido.是的,必须学。 No, I dont( have to)。不,不必学 Did he have to ask the question? 他非要问那个问题吗? Yes, he did是的。 No, he didnt( have to)不 4.must与 have to比较 must侧重于个人意志和主观上的必要, have to侧重于客观上的必要。如果用于过去时 态或将来时态时,则要用 have to的相应时态来代替must。但must可用于间接引语中表示 过去的必要或义务 My brother was very ill, so I had to call for the doctor in the middle of the night 我弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来。(一般过去时) I haven,'t got any money with me, so I'lI have to borrow some from my friend 我身上没有钱,只好向朋友借点了。(一般将来时) He said that they must work hard.他说他们必须努力工作 二、虚拟语气 虚拟语气表示说话人的意愿、假设、猜测或建议。虚拟语气不表示客观存在的事实,谓 语动词用特殊的形式表示虚拟语气 1.表示与现在事实相反时的谓语形式。 从句 主句 过去式(be和were) would( should、 could)+动词原形 f: If Tom were hungry, he would eat the bread. (In fact, Tom isnt hungry. 2.表示与过去事实相反的谓语形式 had+过去分词 would( should、 could)+have+过去分词 B If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the early bus. (In fact, I didn't catch the bus. 3.表示与将来事实相反的谓语形式 从句
上周日,我不得不做作业。 2. have to 的否定句 句型:主语+don't(doesn't, didn’t, will not)have to+动词原形 You don't have to walk so fast. 你不必走那么快。 He will not have to buy a new coat next year. 明年,他没必要买新外衣了。 3. have to 的疑问句 句型:Do(Does, Did, Will)+主语+have to +动词原形? Do you have to study maths now? 你现在必须学数字吗? Yes,I do.是的,必须学。 No,I don't(have to)。不,不必学。 Did he have to ask the question? 他非要问那个问题吗? Yes,he did.是的。 No,he didn't(have to).不。 4. must 与 have to 比较 must 侧重于个人意志和主观上的必要,have to 侧重于客观上的必要。如果用于过去时 态或将来时态时,则要用 have to 的相应时态来代替 must。但 must 可用于间接引语中表示 过去的必要或义务。 My brother was very ill,so I had to call for the doctor in the middle of the night. 我弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来。(一般过去时) I haven't got any money with me,so I'll have to borrow some from my friend. 我身上没有钱,只好向朋友借点了。(一般将来时) He said that they must work hard.他说他们必须努力工作。 二、虚拟语气 虚拟语气表示说话人的意愿、假设、猜测或建议。虚拟语气不表示客观存在的事实,谓 语动词用特殊的形式表示虚拟语气。 1. 表示与现在事实相反时的谓语形式。 从句 主句 过去式 (be 和 were) would (should、could)+ 动词原形 例如:If Tom were hungry, he would eat the bread. (In fact, Tom isn’t hungry.) 2. 表示与过去事实相反的谓语形式。 从句 主句 had + 过去分词 would (should、could) + have +过去分词 例如:If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the early bus. (In fact, I didn’t catch the bus.) 3. 表示与将来事实相反的谓语形式。 从句 主句
动词过去式 should+动词原形 would( should、 could)+动词原形 were to+动词原形 1al s: If they came tomorrow, we would told them about it. ( In fact, they won 't come tomorow o) 4.动词wish后的宾语从句中,谓语动词可用过去式、过去完成式或 would、 might加原形 例如: I wish I were as strong as you He wished I would stay with us She wished I had attended the meeting yesterday 5.在有些动词如: suggest、 Insist、 order等动词后,从句谓语动词用 should+动词原形”, should可以省略。例如 He suggested that we should) discuss the problem right now 6.在有些句型中如: It is important( necessary、 natural, strange等)+that从句中的谓语动词 用 should+动词原形, should可以省略。例如: It is necessary that the doctor (should) be sent there at once 7.在 It is time that, I would rather that句式中从句谓语动词用过去式。例如: It is time we went to bed I would rather he came next week 第二节实战演练 公一、复习时需注意的要点 (一)情态动词 1、情态动词在句中没有人称和数的变化 2、含有情态动词的句子改为否定句或疑问句不必加助动词,只需要将情态动词置于主语前, 或在情态动词后加上not 例如: Must I write a letter to cheer him up? You needn 't wait for me 3、情态动词的过去式,例如 can-could,may- might。但是少数情态动词只有过去式,例 如 used to表示过去常常。must的过去式往往用 had to代替。 4、情态动词后还可接不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式 例如: He can' t be doing his homework now.他现在不可能在做功课。 He must have attended the meeting last night.昨晚他一定参加了会议 (二)虚拟语气 1、在i条件句中,如果含有were, should或had等助动词,if可以省去,句子用倒装。 例如: Were I you, I would buy this reference book 2、 should与 would都可以用于if条件句的主句中,但 should一般只用于第一人称, would 用于所有人称 例如: f you were here, I would tell you the news 3、某些条件可以用介词短语 without., but for等来表示 Bls: Without your help, I could not have succeeded in passing the exam 4、有时句子通过but或 otherwise等词来表示真实与虚拟的转换,在这种情况下,只有不真 实的部分用虚拟式 Flu: I was ill yesterday: otherwise I would have played football with you
动词过去式 should + 动词原形 were to + 动词原形 would (should、could) + 动词原形 例如:If they came tomorrow, we would told them about it. (In fact, they won’t come tomorrow。) 4. 动词 wish 后的宾语从句中,谓语动词可用过去式、过去完成式或 would、might 加原形。 例如:I wish I were as strong as you. He wished I would stay with us. She wished I had attended the meeting yesterday. 5. 在有些动词如:suggest、insist、order 等动词后,从句谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”, should 可以省略。例如: He suggested that we (should) discuss the problem right now. 6. 在有些句型中如:It is important (necessary、natural、strange 等) + that 从句中的谓语动词 用 should + 动词原形,should 可以省略。例如: It is necessary that the doctor (should) be sent there at once. 7. 在 It is time that, I would rather that 句式中从句谓语动词用过去式。例如: It is time we went to bed. I would rather he came next week. 第二节 实战演练 一 、 复 习 时 需 注 意 的 要 点 (一)情态动词 1、情态动词在句中没有人称和数的变化。 2、含有情态动词的句子改为否定句或疑问句不必加助动词,只需要将情态动词置于主语前, 或在情态动词后加上 not。 例如:Must I write a letter to cheer him up? You needn’t wait for me. 3、 情态动词的过去式,例如 can—could,may—might。但是少数情态动词只有过去式,例 如 used to 表示过去常常。must 的过去式往往用 had to 代替。 4、 情态动词后还可接不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式。 例如:He can’t be doing his homework now. 他现在不可能在做功课。 He must have attended the meeting last night. 昨晚他一定参加了会议。 (二)虚拟语气 1、 在 if 条件句中,如果含有 were , should 或 had 等助动词,if 可以省去,句子用倒装。 例如:Were I you , I would buy this reference book. 2、 should 与 would 都可以用于 if 条件句的主句中,但 should 一般只用于第一人称,would 用于所有人称。 例如:If you were here , I would tell you the news . 3、 某些条件可以用介词短语 without… , but for 等来表示 。 例如:Without your help , I could not have succeeded in passing the exam . 4、 有时句子通过 but 或 otherwise 等词来表示真实与虚拟的转换,在这种情况下,只有不真 实的部分用虚拟式。 例如:I was ill yesterday;otherwise I would have played football with you