温度 S.J.T.U. Phase Transformation and Applications ·人们自身的体温衡量温度的标准； 任何一种与温度有关的物理效应，原则上 可用来作为测温的手段；热胀冷缩/焰色 伽利略（验温器 ) -40-2002040 60 80 F 图1-1伽利略验温器 -50-40-30-20-1001020 30 Annual Mean Temperature ©X.J.Jin Lecture 1 First law I 11/38
Phase Transformation and Applications S. J. T. U. SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 © X. J. Jin Lecture 1 First law I 11/38 温度 • 人们自身的体温衡量温度的标准； • 任何一种与温度有关的物理效应，原则上都 可用来作为测温的手段；热胀冷缩/焰色 • 伽利略 （验温器）
温度 T/K S.J.T.U. 1039 大爆炸后的宇宙温度 Phase Transformation and Applications Inside hot stars 109 1038. 108 Inside the sun 0> 实验室产生的最高温 106 度10K Nuclear explosion 105 1014 1013 Stellar nebulae 104 1012 强子物质-夸克物质相变 最低温度2×108K Melting point of iron 1010 103 109 字宙He合成 室温15℃ Melting point of ice C) Hghest known fransition temperature 108 or a superconducto 10 热核聚变温度 Nitrogen liquefies 10 Hydrogen liquefies 温室效应增加3℃，海 10 106 Outer space 105 4He becomes superfluid 平面上涨2一5米 10° -1K 10* 太阳表面温度 101 103- 102 室温 地球生物圈脆弱！ 102 10 氢的液化 1 微波背景辐射 3He becomes superfluid 103-1mK 10-1 Lowest temperature obtained for He 104 10-2 10-3 稀释致冷 Lowest temperature for 105 10-4 electrons in a metal 105 -1K 10-5 10-6 102 10-7 10-8 核自旋致冷 108 Lowest temperature obtained 10-9- for nuclei in a solid SJTU Thermodynar 109 -1 nK absolute zero 图1-9温度大观
Phase Transformation and Applications S. J. T. U. SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 © X. J. Jin Lecture 1 First law I 12/38 温度 实验室产生的最高温 度109K 最低温度2×10-8K 室温15℃ 温室效应增加3℃，海 平面上涨2－5米 地球生物圈脆弱！
0th law S.J.T.U. Phase Transformation and Applications Two systems in thermal equilibrium with a third system a 绝热壁 are also in thermal equilibrium B with each other. 同时与同一物体C达到热平衡的不同物 绝热壁 B 体A和B具有相等的温度。 绝热壁 Principle of measuring Temperature! B Thermometer->the third system 图1-5热力学第零定律 SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 ©X.J.Jin Lecture 1 First law I 13/38
Phase Transformation and Applications S. J. T. U. SJTU Thermodynamics of Materials Fall 2012 © X. J. Jin Lecture 1 First law I 13/38 0 th law • Two systems in thermal equilibrium with a third system are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. Principle of measuring Temperature! Thermometer -> the third system 同时与同一物体C达到热平衡的不同物 体A和B具有相等的温度