上游京百大唿 Median Voter Mode Political Political Political candidates candidates candidates far apart closer close The The The Middle Middle Middle D R1 D2 R2 D3 R3 Far Left Far Right Far Left Far Right Far Left Far Right (a) (b) (c) Starting with (a),Republican receives more votes than Democrat-wins if the election were held today. So in (b),Democrat moves closer to middle. e Republican then offsets Democrat by also moving inward. Result:both move to the political middle,getting closer to each other over time
Median Voter Model • Starting with (a), Republican receives more votes than Democrat -- wins if the election were held today. • So in (b), Democrat moves closer to middle. • Republican then offsets Democrat by also moving inward. • Result: both move to the political middle, getting closer to each other over time
上浒充通大学 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Median Voter Model Candidates will label opponent as "too far right' or“too far left”. Politicians modify positions. Candidates take a middle of the road position, appealing to the median voter of the general population 强 月是。 SHANC 1日日日
Median Voter Model Candidates will label opponent as “too far right” or “too far left”. Politicians modify positions. Candidates take a middle of the road position, appealing to the median voter of the general population
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上游充通大学 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Why Americans Don't Vote 90.00% 80.00% 70.00% 60.00% 强 50.00% 40.00% 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 US presidencial 米-UK general German federal Japan general India general 96
Why Americans Don't Vote
上游充通大 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Voters:Costs and Benefits Small probability of a Approval ballot by mark李 person's vote ldio梦鱼fos面y cdid鉴裤y0dk意， changing election outcome Jo语$mith Disincentive to vote Low voter turnouts Henry Ford a result of cost 小ai垂Do垂 benefit calculation Fr德d Rubble Mary Hill
Voters: Costs and Benefits Small probability of a person‟s vote changing election outcome Disincentive to vote Low voter turnouts : a result of cost – benefit calculation