CONTENTS SECTION ONE DEFORMATION OF ENGINEERING MATERIAL CHAPTER 1 TENSILE RESPONSE OF MATERLALS 1.1 Definition of Stress and Strain 3 1.2 Stress-Strain Curves 6 1.3 Modulus of Rupture42 1.4 Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels 1.5 Temperature and Strain-Rate Effects on Tensile Behavior 48 1.6 Failure Theories CHAPTER 2 ELEMENTS OF DISLOCATION THEORY .1 Strength of a Perfect Crystal 2.2 The Need for Lattice Imperfections: Dislocations 59 3 Lattice Resistance to Dislocation Movement: The Peierls Stress 62 2.4 Characteristics of Dislocations 65 2.5 Observation of Dislocations 69 2.6 Elastic Properties of Dislocations 70 7 Partial Dislocations 2.8 Superlattice Dislocations 78 2.9 Dislocation-Dislocation Interactions 79 2.10 Dislocation Multiplication CHAPTER 3 SLIP AND TWINNING IN CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS 3. 1 Slip 3.2 Deformation Twinning 105 CHAPTER 4 STRENGTHENING MECHANISMS IN METALS 123 4.1 Strain(Work) Hardening 123 4.2 Grain-Boundary Strengthening 129 4.3 Solid Solution Strengthening 131 4.4 Precipitation Hardening 137
XXII ABOUT THE COVER 4.6 Strengthening of Steel Alloys 144 4.7 Metal-Matrix Composite Strengthening 148 CHAPTER 5 HIGH-TEMPERATURE DEFORMATION RESPONSE OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS 5.1 Creep of Solids: An Overview 157 5.2 Temperature-Stress-Strain-Rate Relations 5.3 Deformation Mechanisms 170 5.5 Deformation-Mechanism Maps 178 5.6 Parametric Relations: Extrapolation Procedures for Creep Rupture Data 185 5.7 Materials for Elevated Temperature Use 193 5.8 Creep Fracture Micromechanisms 201 CHAPTER 6 DEFORMATION RESPONSE OF ENGINEERING PLASTICS 6.1 Polymer Structure: General Remarks 211 6.2 Polymer Addition 6.3 Viscoelastic Response of Polymers and the Role of Structure 225 6.4 Deformation Mechanisms in Crystalline and Amorphous 6.5 Strengthening of Polymers 247 SECTION TWO FRACTURE MECHANICS OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS CHAPTER 7 FRACTURE: AN OVERVIEW 261 7. 1 Introduction 261 7.2 Theoretical Cohesive Strength263 7.3 Defect Population in Solids 266 7.4 The Stress-Concentration Factor 273 Notch Strengthening 275 7.6 External Variables Affecting Fracture 279 7.7 Nomenclature of the Fracture Process 288 CHAPTER 8 ELEMENTS OF FRACTURE MECHANICS 315 8.1. Griffith Crack Theory 315 8.2 Stress Analysis of Cracks 321
CONTEN gn 8.4 Relation between Energy Rate and Stress Field Approaches 8.5 Crack-Tip Plastic-Zone Size Estimation 337 8.6 Fracture-Mode Transition: Plane Stress versus Plane Strain 34 8.7 Plane-Strain Fracture-Toughness Testing 345 8.8 Fracture Toughness of Engineering Alloys 351 8.10 Toughness Determination from Crack-Opening Displacement Measurement 8.11 Fracture-Toughness Determination and Elastic-Plastic Analysis with the J Integral 359 CHAPTER 9 TRANSITION TEMPERATURE APPROACH TO FRACTURE CONTROL 375 9.1 Transition Temperature Phenomenon and the Charpy Impact 9.2 Additional fracture Test methods 379 9.3 Limitations of the Transition Temperature Philosophy 385 9.4 Impact Energy-Fracture- Toughness Correlations 390 9.5 Instrumented Charpy Impact Test 396 ⅹ CHAPTER10 MICROSTRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF FRACTURE TOUGHNESS 405 10. 1 Some Useful Generalities 405 10.2 Toughness and Microstructural Anisotropy 10.3 Improved Alloy Cleanliness 418 10.4 Optimizing Microstructures for Maximum Toughness 429 10.5 Microstructural E 10.6 Metallurgical Embrittlement460 10.7 Additional Data 471 X CHAPTER 11 ENVIRONMENT-ASSISTED CRACKING 485 11.1 Embrittlement Models488 11.2 Fracture Mechanics Test Methods 495 11.3 Life and Crack-Length Calculations 514 CHAPTER 1 CYCUIC STRESS AND STRAIN FATIGUE 521 12.1 Macrofractography of Fatigue Failures 521 12.2 Cyclic Stress-Controlled Fatigue 526 12.3 Cyclic Strain-Controlled Fatigue526 Fatigue Life Estimations for Notched Componen 570 12.5 Fatigue Crack Initiation Mechanisms 574 12.6 Avoidance of Fatigue Damage578
XXIV ABOUT THE COVER CHAPTER 13 X FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION 591 13. 1 Stress and Crack Length Correlations with FCP 591 13.2 Macroscopic Fracture Modes in Fatigue 13.3 Microscopic Fracture Mechanisms 606 13. 4 Crack Growth Behavior at AK Extremes 613 13.5 Infuence of Load Interactions 634 13.6 Environmentally Enhanced FCP(Corrosion Fatigue) 13.7 Microstructural Aspects of FCP in Metal Alloys 648 13.8 Fatigue Crack Propagation in Engineering Plastics 664 13.9 Fatigue Crack Propagation in Ceramics676 13. 10 Fatigue Crack Propagation in Composites 680 CHAPTER 14 ANALYSES OF ENGINEERING FAILURES 699 14.1 Typical Defects 701 14.2 Macroscopic Fracture Surface Examination 702 14.3 Metallographic and Fractographic Examination710 14.4 Component Failure and Analysis Data 711 14.5 Case histories FRACTURE SURFACE PRESERVATION CLEANING AND REPLICATION TECHNIQUES, AND IMAGE INTERPRETATION 751 APPENDIX B K CALIBRATIONS FOR TYPICIAL FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AND FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION TEST SPECIMENS AUTHOR INDEX 759 SUBJECT INDEX 773 MATERLALS INDEX 781
SECTION ONE DEFORMATION OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS