RespiratoryStructures in BrainstemCerebrumHIGHERCENTERSCerebral cortexLimbicsystemHypothalamusCSFPneumotaxicCHEMORECEPTORScenterPonsApneusticNIXMedullacenteroblongataChemoreceptorsandbaroreceptorsofcarotid and aortic sinusesNXDorsalrespiratoryStretchreceptorsgroupRespiratory(DRG)oflungsrhythmicityVentralSpinalcentersrespiratorycordgroup(VRG)MotorneuronscontrollingStimulationdiaphragm=InhibitionMotorneuronscontrolling otherrespiratorymusclesDiaphragmPhrenicnerve
Respiratory Structures in Brainstem
2. Rhythmic Ventilation (InspiratoryOffSwitehiStarting inspiration- Medullary respiratory center neuronsarecontinuously active (spontaneous)福Center receives stimulation from receptors andbrain concerned with voluntary respiratorymovements and emotion Combined input from all sources causes actionpotentials to stimulate respiratory muscles
2. Rhythmic Ventilation (Inspiratory Off Switch) • Starting inspiration − Medullary respiratory center neurons are continuously active (spontaneous) −Center receives stimulation from receptors and brain concerned with voluntary respiratory movements and emotion −Combined input from all sources causes action potentials to stimulate respiratory muscles
Increasing inspiration-More and more neurons are activatedStopping inspiration-Neurons receive input from pontine group andstretch receptors in lungs.-Inhibitory neurons activated and relaxation ofrespiratory muscles results in expiration-Inspiratory off switch
•Increasing inspiration −More and more neurons are activated •Stopping inspiration −Neurons receive input from pontine group and stretch receptors in lungs. −Inhibitory neurons activated and relaxation of respiratory muscles results in expiration. −Inspiratory off switch
3. Higher Respiratory CentersModulate the activity of the more primitive eontrQlfingcenters in the medulla and ponsAllow the rate and depth of respiration to be controlledvoluntarilyDuring speaking, laughing, crying, eating, defecating.coughing, and sneezingAdaptations to changes in environmental temperature-Panting
3. Higher Respiratory Centers Modulate the activity of the more primitive controlling centers in the medulla and pons. Allow the rate and depth of respiration to be controlled voluntarily. During speaking, laughing, crying, eating, defecating, coughing, and sneezing. . Adaptations to changes in environmental temperature - -Panting