In 1368 the Ming Dynasty(1368-1644)was instituted by Zhu Yuanzhang, the highest Emperor of Ming. Upon being crowned, Zhu Li, the fourth son of the Highest Emperor, embarked upon a large-scale project of the city walls and moats, palaces and temples in Beijng, and later on officially transferred the capital northward to Beijing. The Ming Dynasty witnessed a definite improvement in agriculture and handicrafts, and even a rudiment of capitalism toward its concluding stage; meanwhile frequent friendly contacts with the countries in Asia and africa were fulfilled
• In 1368 the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) was instituted by Zhu Yuanzhang, the Highest Emperor of Ming. Upon being crowned, Zhu Li, the fourth son of the Highest Emperor, embarked upon a large-scale project of the city walls and moats, palaces and temples in Beijng , and later on officially transferred the capital northward to Beijing. The Ming Dynasty witnessed a definite improvement in agriculture and handicrafts, and even a rudiment of capitalism toward its concluding stage; meanwhile frequent friendly contacts with the countries in Asia and Africa were fulfilled
Over the later period of Ming sprang out a new military force Manchu Nationality between the Baishan Mountain and the Heishui River. Led by Nuerhachi. their chieftain those manchu tribesmen on horsebacks struggled for three generations within and beyond the Great Wall finally capturing the throne of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911)in 1644. Of all Qing emperors were rated the most renowned two, Emperor Kang XI (1661-1722)and Emperor Qian Long(1735 796), whose reign was recognized as Heyday in Kang-Qian Period The Opium War occurring in 1840 marked a turning point in Chinese history. Toward the dawn of 19th century Britain dumped its opium in mammoth quantities into China, having resulted in an unfavorable flow of silver to britain as well as inflation and financial austerity within China
• Over the later period of Ming sprang out a new military force — Manchu Nationality between the Baishan Mountain and the Heishui River. Led by Nu’erhachi, their chieftain, those Manchu tribesmen on horsebacks struggled for three generations within and beyond the Great Wall, finally capturing the throne of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) in 1644. Of all Qing emperors were rated the most renowned two, Emperor Kang XI (1661-1722) and Emperor Qian Long (1735- 1796), whose reign was recognized as “Heyday in Kang-Qian Period”. • The Opium War occurring in 1840 marked a turning point inChinese history. Toward the dawn of 19th century Britain dumped its opium in mammoth quantities into China, having resulted in an unfavorable flow of silver to Britain as well as inflation and financial austerity within China
In 1839, Lin Zexu as a special envoy of the imperial court was commissioned to be stationed in Canton or guangzhou held responsible for prohibition of the opium products For protection of its opium dumping, Britain waged an invasion war on China in 1840. At the outset the chinese patriots, led by Lin and some generals, launched a gallant resistance against the invaders. Owing to the concessions offered by the corrupted and incompetent Qing imperial court, the Nanjing Treaty, an unfair document that surrendered Chinas sovereignty under humiliating terms was signed in the end. From the date onwards China gradually sank into a semi-feudal and semI-colonial mess
• In 1839, Lin Zexu as a special envoy of the imperial court was commissioned to be stationed in Canton or Guangzhou, held responsible for prohibition of the opium products. For protection of its opium dumping, Britain waged an invasion war on China in 1840. At the outset the Chinese patriots, led by Lin and some generals, launched a gallant resistance against the invaders. Owing to the concessions offered by the corrupted and incompetent Qing imperial court, the Nanjing Treaty, an unfair document that surrendered China’s sovereignty under humiliating terms, was signed in the end. From the date onwards, China gradually sank into a semi-feudal and semi-colonial mess
At the end of the Opium War such imperialist powers as Britain, the United States, France, Russia, Japan and so on coerced unceasingly the Qing court to sign varied unfair treaties, furthermore seizing"concessions and planning"spheres of influence"in China, a tide of carving up Qing Empire in surge In order to resist the feudal oppression and alien invasion, Chinese people spared no efforts to fight against the enemies unyieldingly with a host of heros and heroines outstanding In 1851, Hong Xiuquan took a lead of the revolt of Tai Ping Tian Guo (Heavenly Empire), the largest peasant revolutionary campaign in the modern history of China. In 1911, Xinhai Revolution -a bourgeois democratic one led by Sun Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen)---overthrew the rule of the Qing dynasty terminating the over-two-millenium-old feudal monarchy, the temporary government of Republic of China being constituted. However, the triumphant fruit was usurped by Yuan Shikai, a military lord in the north on account of the yieldingness of Chinese bourgeoisie while the populace was still lingering in an abyss of extreme suffering
• At the end of the Opium War such imperialist powers as Britain, the United States, France, Russia, Japan and so on coerced unceasingly the Qing court to sign varied unfair treaties, furthermore seizing “concessions “ and planning “spheres of influence” in China, a tide of carving up Qing Empire in surge. In order to resist the feudal oppression and alien invasion, Chinese people spared no efforts to fight against the enemies unyieldingly with a host of heros and heroines outstanding. In 1851, Hong Xiuquan took a lead of the Revolt of Tai Ping Tian Guo (Heavenly Empire), the largest peasant revolutionary campaign in the modern history of China. In 1911, Xinhai Revolution — a bourgeois democratic one led by Sun Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen) --- overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty terminating the over-two-millenium-old feudal monarchy, the temporary government of Republic of China being constituted. However, the triumphant fruit was usurped by Yuan Shikai, a military lord in the north, on account of the yieldingness of Chinese bourgeoisie while the populace was still lingering in an abyss of extreme suffering
Influenced by the October Revolution in Russia, the May 4th Movement, an anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism drive triggered by the patriotic students, broke out in 1919, the proletariats as a social class ascending the political stage. This campaign was recognized a milestone of the modern Chinese history from the old democratic revolution to the new one, bringing about the wide-spread Marxism-Leninism upon coordination with the revolutionary practice in China and arranging ideologically and organizationally for the advent of the Communist Party of China In 1921, Mao Zedong, Dong Bichao, Chen Tanqiu, He Shuheng, Wang Jingmei, Deng Enming, Li Da etc, on behalf of the communist groups clustered in different cities, held the first national assembly in Shanghai. The Communist Party of China(CPC) came into being
• Influenced by the October Revolution in Russia, the May 4th Movement, an anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism drive triggered by the patriotic students, broke out in 1919, the proletariats as a social class ascending the political stage. This campaign was recognized a milestone of the modern Chinese history from the old democratic revolution to the new one, bringing about the wide-spread Marxism-Leninism upon coordination with the revolutionary practice in China and arranging ideologically and organizationally for the advent of the Communist Party of China. • In 1921, Mao Zedong , Dong Bichao, Chen Tanqiu, He Shuheng, Wang Jingmei, Deng Enming, Li Da etc., on behalf of the communist groups clustered in different cities, held the first national assembly in Shanghai. The Communist Party of China (CPC) came into being