SHORT TERM SOLAR CYCLE INDEX · Geomagnetic Index Daily average of maximum variation in the earths surface magnetic field at mid lattitude(units of 2×10-9T Ap=o quiet l5 to 30 active >50 major solar storm
SHORT TERM SOLAR CYCLE INDEX • Geomagnetic Index Ap – Daily average of maximum variation in the earth’s surface magnetic field at mid lattitude (units of 2 u 10-9 T) Ap = 0 quiet Ap = 15 to 30 active Ap > 50 major solar storm 6
GRAVITY force G=6.672×10mkg At surface of earth gm G g e≈9.8m R2 sec 2
GRAVITY force At surface of earth Gm1m2 r2 r G 6.672u 1011m3kg1 2 2 E e 2 E e g sec 9.8 m RGm g RGm f m | 7
MICROGRAVITY Satellites in orbit are in free fall -accelerating radially toward earth at the rate of free fall Deviations from zero-g Atmospheric drag x=0.5 (C Ao a-ap Gravity gradient 义=-XW2义=yW2艺=2Ww Spacecraft rotation x=x22=202 (rotation about Y axis) Coriolis forces x=∠z0y=02=-zXO
MICROGRAVITY 8 • Satellites in orbit are in free fall - accelerating radially toward earth at the rate of free fall. • Deviations from zero-g – Atmospheric drag – Gravity gradient – Spacecraft rotation (rotation about Y axis) – Coriolis forces 5 2 2 0. U a Z m C A x D ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¹ · ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ © § x xw 2 x y w 2 z 2zw 2 x x Z2 z z Z2 x 2 z Z y o z zxZ
ATMOSPHERIC MODEL NEUTRAL ATMOSPHERE Turbo sphere(0- 120Km)is well mixed (78%N2, 21% O Troposphere(0 10Km) warmed by earth as heated by sun Stratosphere(10 50 Km) heated from above by absorption of uv by o Mesosphere(50x90Km) heated by radiation from stratosphere, cooled by radiation into space Thermosphere (90 600Km)very sensitive to solar cycle, heated by absorption of EUV Neutral atmosphere varies with season and time of da
ATMOSPHERIC MODEL NEUTRAL ATMOSPHERE 9 • Turbo sphere (0 ~ 120Km) is well mixed (78% N 2, 21% O 2 ) – Troposphere (0 ~ 10Km) warmed by earth as heated by sun – Stratosphere (10 ~ 50 Km) heated from above by absorption of UV by 0 3 – Mesosphere (50 ~ 90Km) heated by radiation from stratosphere, cooled by radiation into space – Thermosphere (90 ~ 600Km) very sensitive to solar cycle, heated by absorption of EUV. • Neutral atmosphere varies with season and time of day
5,000 MAGNETOSPHERE Layers of the Earth 200THERMO nD km Atmosphere 200 reflected here Ozone region mb 1o- STRATOSPHERE cloudsptar! 100 10.000 clouds 5,000
10 Layers of the Earth’s Atmosphere TEMPERATURE MAGNETOSPHERE Pressure Molecular mean free path EXOSPHERE Sunlit Spray region Warm region Maximum height for balloons THERMOSPHERE Aurora Aurora Airglow MESOSPHERE IONOSPHERE Noctilucent cloud D E F1 F2 Ozone region Sound waves reflected here Mother-of-pearl clouds Cirrus clouds Altocumulus clouds cumulus clouds Stratus clouds Tropopause STRATOSPHERE Mount Blanc Ben Nevis Temperature curve -1000C -500C 00C 500C 1000C 1,000 mb 10-8 mb 10-6 cm 10-4 cm 1cm 1km 100 km 100 mb 1 mb 10-2 mb 10-4 mb 10-6 mb 10-10 mb Miles 10,000 5,000 5,000 2,000 2,000 1,000 1,000 500 500 200 200 100 100 50 50 20 20 10 50,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 5 ,000 10 5 2 1 Kilometers Feet Mount Everest TROPOSPHERE