the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet danger of becoming meaningless. "The term antiscience can lump together too many, quite different things, "notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science, "They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened. " 9. The word"schism"(Line 3, Paragraph 1)in the context probably means [A]confrontation [ B] dissatisfaction [C]separation [D] contempt 0. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to [A] discuss the cause of the decline of science's power [ B show the author,s symphathy with scientists [C]explain the way in which science develops [D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities l1. Which of the following is true according to the passage? [AJ Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay. [B Politicians are not subject to the labeling of antiscience [C] The"more enlightened"tend to tag others as antiscience [D Tagging environmentalists as"antiscience"is justifiable 12. The author attitude toward the issue of " science vs antiscience"is ial B subjective C]biased [D] puzzling P 4 Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill This development and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead- has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11. 4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War Il, and the pattern still prevails Three sun-belt states- Florida, Texas and California together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to &th and San Antonio from 15th to lOth- with Cleveland and Washington. DC, dropping out of the top10 Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of migrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's"baby boom"generation reached its child-bearing years Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some
25 the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth. Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. "The term 'antiscience' can lump together too many, quite different things," notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science, "They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened." 9. The word "schism" (Line 3, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________. [A] confrontation [B] dissatisfaction [C] separation [D] contempt 10. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________. [A] discuss the cause of the decline of science's power [B] show the author's symphathy with scientists [C] explain the way in which science develops [D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities 11. Which of the following is true according to the passage? [A] Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay. [B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of antiscience. [C] The "more enlightened" tend to tag others as antiscience. [D] Tagging environmentalists as "antiscience" is justifiable 12. The author' attitude toward the issue of "science vs. antiscience" is ________. [A] impartial [B] subjective [C] biased [D] puzzling Passage 4 Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill. This development — and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead— has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting. Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people — numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years. Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails. Three sun-belt states — Florida, Texas and California — together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th — with Cleveland and Washington. DC, dropping out of the top10. Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too — and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years. Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some
stances O Regionally, the rocky mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population O Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53. 1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people about 9 per square mile The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose and still are choosing somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent little more than two thirds the 1960s' growth figure and considerably below that of other Western 13. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s [A]enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history [B witnessed a southwestern shift of populat [C]underwent an unparalleled period of population growth [D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War ll 4. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that [AJ is stresses the climatic influence on population distribution [B it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants [C] it reveals the Americans'new pursuit of spacious living [D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday's"baby boom 15. We can see from the available statistics that [A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole Us [B]the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West [C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration [D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population 16. The word"demographers"(Line 1, Paragraph 7)most probably means [Al people in favor of the trend of democracy [B]advocates of migration between states [C]scientists engaged in the study of population [D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of life 5 Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the worlds volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that
26 instances — ● Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate — 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population. ● Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people — about 9 per square mile. The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state. In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose — and still are choosing — somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State. As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent — little more than two thirds the 1960s' growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states. 13. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s [A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history [B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population [C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth [D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II 14. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ________. [A] is stresses the climatic influence on population distribution [B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants [C] it reveals the Americans' new pursuit of spacious living [D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday's "baby boom" 15. We can see from the available statistics that ________. [A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US [B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West [C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration [D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population 16. The word "demographers" (Line 1, Paragraph 7) most probably means ________. [A] people in favor of the trend of democracy [B] advocates of migration between states [C] scientists engaged in the study of population [D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of life Passage 5 Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that
make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other rifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the african plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures(cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of fissures. so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability(inconstancy). 17. The author believes that [A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth's interior [B] the geological theory about drifting pates has been proved to be true [C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions [D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart 18. That Africa and South america were once joined can be deduced from the fact that [A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions [B]they have been found to share certain geological features IC] the African plates has been stable for 30 million years [D]over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe 19. The hot-spot theory may prove useful in explaining [A] the structure of the African plates [b the revival of dead volcanoes IC the mobility of the continents [D] the formation of new oceans 20. The passage is mainly about [A] the features of volcanic activities [B the importance of the theory about drifting plates Ci the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies
27 make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates. That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years. The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy). 17. The author believes that ________. [A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth's interior [B] the geological theory about drifting pates has been proved to be true [C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions [D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart 18. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________. [A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions [B] they have been found to share certain geological features [C] the African plates has been stable for 30 million years [D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe 19. The hot-spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________. [A] the structure of the African plates [B] the revival of dead volcanoes [C] the mobility of the continents [D] the formation of new oceans 20. The passage is mainly about ________. [A] the features of volcanic activities [B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates [C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies
[D] the process of the formation of volcanoes 识宝库 考研社区Unit6 Passage 1 It's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up stove and you could burn down the house. luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers'misfortunes Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might surprise! fall off. The label on a childs Batman cape cautions that the toy"does not enable user to fly While warnings are often appropriate and ary the dangers of drug interactions, for example - and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn,'t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn,'t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We ' re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries, "says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute- a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight - issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. " Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities, "says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability 1. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened? [A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits [B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system IC] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings [D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised 2. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to [A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products [ B become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products [C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability
28 [D] the process of the formation of volcanoes Unit 6 Passage 1 It's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes. Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprise! — fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly." While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for example — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court. Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities," says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability. 1. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened? [A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits. [B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system. [C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings. [D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised. 2. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________. [A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products [B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products [C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability
[ D] feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern 3. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that [A]some injury claims were no longer supported by law [B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries IC] product labels would eventually be discarded [D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes 4. The author's attitude towards the issue seems to be [A]biased [B]indifferent Passage 2 In the first year or so of Wed business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market More recently, as the Wed proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product theyre looking for Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier " says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's pr vate intranet Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to"pull"customers into sites. In the past year, however software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push"information directly out to consumers transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists ut it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The xamples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon. com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop is silicon. People looking back 5 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge 5. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Wed business [AHas been striving to expand its market B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion 29
29 [D] feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern 3. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________. [A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law [B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries [C] product labels would eventually be discarded [D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes 4. The author's attitude towards the issue seems to be [A] biased [B] indifferent [C] puzzling [D] objective Passage 2 In the first year or so of Wed business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Wed proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product they're looking for. Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier," says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private intranet. Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists. But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon. com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop is silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge. 5. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Wed business ________. [A] has been striving to expand its market [B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion