13. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to (A)elementary schools (B)enthusiastic workers (C)the attractive premium system D)a special way of thinking 14. It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics (A)benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge ( B)shed light on disciplined school management (C)was brought about by privileged home training ()owed a lot to the technological devel 15. A technologist can be compared to an artist because (A)they are both winners of awards (B)they are both experts in spatial thinking (C)they both abandon verbal description ()they both use various instruments 16. The best title for this passage might be (A)Inventive Mind B)Effective Schooling (C)Ways of Thinking (D)Outpouring of Inventions Passage 5 Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publishers pipelines. a few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. "Scientific"creationism, which is being pushed by some for"equal time"in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfunda mentalist religious leaders have come to regard "scientific"creationism as bad science and bad religion The first four chapters of Kitcher's book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The nonspecialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: " This book stands for reason itself. "And so it does and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate 17. " Creationism"in the passage refers to (A)evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe (B)a notion of the creation of religion
15 13. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to ________. (A) elementary schools (B) enthusiastic workers (C) the attractive premium system (D) a special way of thinking 14. It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics ________. (A) benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge (B) shed light on disciplined school management (C) was brought about by privileged home training (D) owed a lot to the technological development 15. A technologist can be compared to an artist because ________. (A) they are both winners of awards (B) they are both experts in spatial thinking (C) they both abandon verbal description (D) they both use various instruments 16. The best title for this passage might be ________. (A) Inventive Mind (B) Effective Schooling (C) Ways of Thinking (D) Outpouring of Inventions Passage 5 Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher's pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. "Scientific" creationism, which is being pushed by some for "equal time" in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfunda mentalist religious leaders have come to regard "scientific" creationism as bad science and bad religion. The first four chapters of Kitcher's book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior. Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The nonspecialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself." And so it does — and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate. 17. "Creationism" in the passage refers to ________. (A) evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe (B) a notion of the creation of religion
(C)the scientific explanation of the earth formation (D )the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe 1 8. Kitcher's book is intended to (A)recommend the views of the evolutionists (B)expose the true features of creationists (C)curse bitterly at his opponents (D )launch a surprise attack on creationists 19. From the passage we can infer that (A)reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate (B)creationists do not base their argument on reasoning (C)evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists (D)creationism is supported by scientific finding . O. This passage appears to be a digest (A)a book review B)a scientific pape (C)a magazine feature (D)a newspape editorial Unit 4 It was 3: 45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the groups on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: "We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn,'t just something that happened in Australia. It's world history. The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part - other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling Under the new Northern Territory law, and adult patient can request death- probably by a deadly injection or pill to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a"cooling off"period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering a terrifying death from his breathing condition. "Im not afraid 16
16 (C) the scientific explanation of the earth formation (D) the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe 18. Kitcher's book is intended to ________. (A) recommend the views of the evolutionists (B) expose the true features of creationists (C) curse bitterly at his opponents (D) launch a surprise attack on creationists 19. From the passage we can infer that ________. (A) reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate (B) creationists do not base their argument on reasoning (C) evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists (D) creationism is supported by scientific findings 20. This passage appears to be a digest of ________. (A) a book review (B) a scientific paper (C) a magazine feature (D) a newspaper editorial Unit 4 Passage 1 It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: "We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history." The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia — where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part — other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling. Under the new Northern Territory law, and adult patient can request death — probably by a deadly injection or pill — to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a "cooling off" period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. "I'm not afraid
of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks, "he says From the second paragraph we learn that [A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries [B physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia [C]changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law [ D] it takes time to realize the significance of the laws passage 2. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means [A]observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia [B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries [C]observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes [D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop 3. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will [A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia [B experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient [C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering [ D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days 4. The author's attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of [A]opposition [B] suspicion [C] approval [D] indifference Passage 2 A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull xistence Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion and brought news of the outside world The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn,'t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. "I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner amazing. "Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not al ways understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as 17
17 of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks," he says. 1. From the second paragraph we learn that ________. [A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries [B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia [C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law [D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law's passage 2. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means ________. [A] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia [B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries [C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes [D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop 3. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will ________. [A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia [B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient [C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering [D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days 4. The author's attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of ________. [A] opposition [B] suspicion [C] approval [D] indifference Passage 2 A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. "I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner — amazing." Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as
the result of a historically developed cultural tradition As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to "translate"cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word"friend", the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitors language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers 5. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world [A]rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US [B]small-minded officials deserve a serious comment [C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors [D] most Americans are ready to offer help 6. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that [A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship [B]courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated IC] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends [D] social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions 7. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers [A]to improve their hard life [B]in view of their long-distance travel IC] to add some flavor to their own daily life [D] out of a charitable impulse 8. The tradition of hospitality to strangers [A] tends to be superficial and artificial B is generally well kept up in the United States IC is al ways understood properly [D] has something to do with the busy tourist trails 3 Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase"substance abuse"is often used instead of drug abuse"to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs)is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially
18 the result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to "translate" cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word "friend", the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers. 5. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world ________. [A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US [B] small-minded officials deserve a serious comment [C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors [D] most Americans are ready to offer help 6. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ________. [A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship [B] courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated [C] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends [D] social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions 7. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________. [A] to improve their hard life [B] in view of their long-distance travel [C] to add some flavor to their own daily life [D] out of a charitable impulse 8. The tradition of hospitality to strangers ________. [A] tends to be superficial and artificial [B] is generally well kept up in the United States [C] is always understood properly [D] has something to do with the busy tourist trails Passage 3 Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially
acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued Drugs(substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants depressants,or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing, hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic(from the Greek word meaning mind-manifesting")because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness 9. "Substances abuse"(Line 4, Paragraph 1)is preferable to"drug abuse"in that [A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used [B"drug abuse"is only related to a limited number of drug takers [C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine [ D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous 10. The word"pervasive"(Line 1, Paragraph 2)might mean I1. Physical dependence on certain substances results from IAJuncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time [B]exclusive use of them for social purposes [C]quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases [D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms 12. From the last paragraph we can infer that [A] stimulants function positively on the mind [B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health IC] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances [D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups 4 No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of nation. "Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers? " Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. You have sold your souls but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well? At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990 It's a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line At the core of this debate is chairman gerald Levin. 56. who took over for the late Steve ross in 1992. On th financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company s mountainous debt, which will 19
19 acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing, hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning "mind-manifesting") because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness. 9. "Substances abuse" (Line 4, Paragraph 1) is preferable to "drug abuse" in that ________. [A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used [B] "drug abuse" is only related to a limited number of drug takers [C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine [D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous 10. The word "pervasive" (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean ________. [A] widespread [B] overwhelming [C] piercing [D] fashionable 11. Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________. [A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time. [B] exclusive use of them for social purposes [C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases [D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms 12. From the last paragraph we can infer that ________. [A] stimulants function positively on the mind [B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health [C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances [D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups Passage 4 No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of nation. "Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?" Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. "You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?" At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It's a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line. At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company's mountainous debt, which will