Copyright 2010 Cengage Leaming.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part.Due to electronic rights,some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s)Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience.Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
Preface The eighth edition of Writing the Research Paper:a Handbook. Writing the Research Paper:A Handbook is a book designed to be consulted not read.A regular book builds from topic to topic in a steady accumulation of ideas and facts.This book,in contrast,treats each topic as an independent unit.You do not need to understand the material in Chapter 2 to progress to Chapter 3.When you want information on,say,how to document a website,you simply go to the appropriate chapter or section of the book and copy the model given there.An exhaustive index and table of contents take a reader instantly to where the particular material on a particular subject is to be found.Whether the student chooses to hop from topic to topic,like a feeding butterfly,or to burrow like a determined mole through every explanation depends on the individual. Writing the Research Paper:a Handbook can be used either way.In 1979 when the first edition was published,we wrote that "no part of this book is dependent for continuity upon another,"adding,a few sentences later,that the aim was for students to use "as much of the book as they need,or as little."That is still the basic principle behind this book. This eighth edition of Writing the Research Paper:a Handbook makes no assumptions about its potential users.No other prerequisites are required to use this book other than enrollment in a class that requires the writing of a research paper.Whatever the student needs to know about how to use the library or how to explore a search engine for ideas on a particular subject will be found in this new edition. This new edition was made necessary by changes in the protocols of research paper writing and documentation made in 2009 by both the Modern Language Association(MLA)and the American Psychological Association (APA).Most of these changes were admittedly microscopic,but they nevertheless have to be ob- served.Every new trait or shift in style,now the law of the land of research,is faithfully covered here with many examples.We have added a new paper writ- ten in MLA style and updated the APA example.The CMS paper has also been tweaked to reflect changes,even minor ones,in the Chicago Manual of Style. In this edition,we finally bid goodbye to the familiar card catalog that had come down to us through the ages.In earlier editions we felt obliged to pay lip service to what was in its day the best classification technology available.This edition,however,concentrates on the computer and the vast opportunities for research it has bestowed on the researcher,professional or amateur. We have rearranged some of the earlier chapters merely as an extension of the logic of the presentation rather than of any compelling necessity.The particu- lars do not really matter,and the book is not altered in any way by these shifts. Everything you need to know about the research paper is still present here in a non-sequential way. xix Copyright 2010 Cengage Leaming.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part.Due to electronic rights,some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s)Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affeet the overall learning experience.Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
xix The eighth edition of Writing the Research Paper: a Handbook. Writing the Research Paper: A Handbook is a book designed to be consulted not read. A regular book builds from topic to topic in a steady accumulation of ideas and facts. This book, in contrast, treats each topic as an independent unit. You do not need to understand the material in Chapter 2 to progress to Chapter 3. When you want information on, say, how to document a website, you simply go to the appropriate chapter or section of the book and copy the model given there. An exhaustive index and table of contents take a reader instantly to where the particular material on a particular subject is to be found. Whether the student chooses to hop from topic to topic, like a feeding butterfl y, or to burrow like a determined mole through every explanation depends on the individual. Writing the Research Paper: a Handbook can be used either way. In 1979 when the fi rst edition was published, we wrote that “no part of this book is dependent for continuity upon another,” adding, a few sentences later, that the aim was for students to use “as much of the book as they need, or as little.” That is still the basic principle behind this book. This eighth edition of Writing the Research Paper: a Handbook makes no assumptions about its potential users. No other prerequisites are required to use this book other than enrollment in a class that requires the writing of a research paper. Whatever the student needs to know about how to use the library or how to explore a search engine for ideas on a particular subject will be found in this new edition. This new edition was made necessary by changes in the protocols of research paper writing and documentation made in 2009 by both the Modern Language Association (MLA) and the American Psychological Association (APA). Most of these changes were admittedly microscopic, but they nevertheless have to be observed. Every new trait or shift in style, now the law of the land of research, is faithfully covered here with many examples. We have added a new paper written in MLA style and updated the APA example. The CMS paper has also been tweaked to refl ect changes, even minor ones, in the Chicago Manual of Style. In this edition, we fi nally bid goodbye to the familiar card catalog that had come down to us through the ages. In earlier editions we felt obliged to pay lip service to what was in its day the best classifi cation technology available. This edition, however, concentrates on the computer and the vast opportunities for research it has bestowed on the researcher, professional or amateur. We have rearranged some of the earlier chapters merely as an extension of the logic of the presentation rather than of any compelling necessity. The particulars do not really matter, and the book is not altered in any way by these shifts. Everything you need to know about the research paper is still present here in a non-sequential way. Preface Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
XX Preface In revising for the eighth time a book that is known for its simplicity of pre- sentation,we have become conscious of the fact that sometimes we occasionally provide too much information on a topic,making it seem more complex than it is.We have been very careful in this edition to thin out overly dense explanations and to provide,in the words of one poplar TV detective,"just the facts,Ma'am" The student does not need to know how a search engine works in order to use it, for example,and many instances of this kind of simplification will be found scat- tered throughout the text,making Writing the Research Paper:a Handbook,eighth edition even more accessible and useful than its predecessors. The eighth edition retains the use of vignettes that illustrate the wonders and marvels that research has bequeathed the human race over the centuries.Illus- trations preceding each chapter also help enliven the ponderous reputation that research has,fairly or unfairly,accumulated.The spiral binding makes the book easier to open and lie flat for consulting in tight places. Finally,we have spent most of our time doing what every editor knows is the most unappreciated work because it is the least visible-namely,the word for word and line by line editing of text.Every word,sentence,paragraph,and page of this edition has been aerated by the most painstaking editorial pen we can wield with benefits which,if not plainly obvious to the reader,will be implicit in the increased clarity throughout the text.The spectacle of a felled tree in a garden will immediately draw the eye;however,the sight of a laboring gardener kneeling in the dirt to dig up a patch of dandelions suggests nothing but unglamorous toil and drudgery that only a few would appreciate.Appreciated or not,we have done the necessary weeding to make this book the best edition ever. A textbook is a collaborative effort.This one is no exception.Among the many people,some unnamed,who contributed suggestions for this edition,we would like to acknowledge the excellent help of our editors,who encouraged us to reach for creative ideas while remaining focused and on course:Lyn Uhl,Senior Publisher,Kate Derrick,Acquisitions Editor,Elizabeth Reny,Editorial Assistant, Kelli Strieby,Senior Assistant Editor,and Trish O'Kane,Project Manager. To them we extend our heartfelt thanks.The blame for everything wrong we reserve for ourselves: We also wish to acknowledge the following reviewers whose insightful suggestions helped shape this edition,with special thanks to Scott Douglass, Chattanooga State Technical Community College,and Linda Smoak Schwartz, Coastal Carolina University: Arnold J.Bradford,Northern Virginia Community College Nancy Erickson,DeVry University Billie Ertel,Indiana Business College Marcia Hines,Minnesota School of Business Thomas Hoberg,Northeastern Illinois University L.Adam Mekler,Morgan State University Copyright 2010 Cengage Leaming.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part.Due to electronic rights,some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s)Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affeet the overall learning experience.Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
xx Preface In revising for the eighth time a book that is known for its simplicity of presentation, we have become conscious of the fact that sometimes we occasionally provide too much information on a topic, making it seem more complex than it is. We have been very careful in this edition to thin out overly dense explanations and to provide, in the words of one poplar TV detective, “just the facts, Ma’am” The student does not need to know how a search engine works in order to use it, for example, and many instances of this kind of simplifi cation will be found scattered throughout the text, making Writing the Research Paper: a Handbook, eighth edition even more accessible and useful than its predecessors. The eighth edition retains the use of vignettes that illustrate the wonders and marvels that research has bequeathed the human race over the centuries. Illustrations preceding each chapter also help enliven the ponderous reputation that research has, fairly or unfairly, accumulated. The spiral binding makes the book easier to open and lie fl at for consulting in tight places. Finally, we have spent most of our time doing what every editor knows is the most unappreciated work because it is the least visible—namely, the word for word and line by line editing of text. Every word, sentence, paragraph, and page of this edition has been aerated by the most painstaking editorial pen we can wield with benefi ts which, if not plainly obvious to the reader, will be implicit in the increased clarity throughout the text. The spectacle of a felled tree in a garden will immediately draw the eye; however, the sight of a laboring gardener kneeling in the dirt to dig up a patch of dandelions suggests nothing but unglamorous toil and drudgery that only a few would appreciate. Appreciated or not, we have done the necessary weeding to make this book the best edition ever. A textbook is a collaborative effort. This one is no exception. Among the many people, some unnamed, who contributed suggestions for this edition, we would like to acknowledge the excellent help of our editors, who encouraged us to reach for creative ideas while remaining focused and on course: Lyn Uhl, Senior Publisher, Kate Derrick, Acquisitions Editor, Elizabeth Reny, Editorial Assistant, Kelli Strieby, Senior Assistant Editor, and Trish O’Kane, Project Manager. To them we extend our heartfelt thanks. The blame for everything wrong we reserve for ourselves: We also wish to acknowledge the following reviewers whose insightful suggestions helped shape this edition, with special thanks to Scott Douglass, Chattanooga State Technical Community College, and Linda Smoak Schwartz, Coastal Carolina University: Arnold J. Bradford, Northern Virginia Community College Nancy Erickson, DeVry University Billie Ertel, Indiana Business College Marcia Hines, Minnesota School of Business Thomas Hoberg, Northeastern Illinois University L. Adam Mekler, Morgan State University Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
Preface xxi Michael Minassian,Broward Community College Rebecca Mitchell,University of California,Santa Barbara Minna Seligson,Briarcliffe College John O.Silva,LaGuardia Community College Anthony C.Winkler and JoRay Metherell Copyright 2010 Cengage Leaming.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part.Due to electronic rights,some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s)Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affeet the overall learning experience.Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
Preface xxi Michael Minassian, Broward Community College Rebecca Mitchell, University of California, Santa Barbara Minna Seligson, Briarcliffe College John O. Silva, LaGuardia Community College Anthony C. Winkler and JoRay Metherell Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
Copyright 2010 Cengage Leaming.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part.Due to electronic rights,some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s)Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience.Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it