Spencer's first and foremost concern was with evolutionary changes in social structures and social institutions rather than with the menta states. Evolution, that is, " a change from a state of relatively indefinite, incoherent, homogeneity to a state of relatively definite, coherent heterogeneity was to Spencer that universal process which happened in both nature and social socle 2021/221 26
2021/2/21 26 • Spencer's first and foremost concern was with evolutionary changes in social structures and social institutions rather than with the mental states. Evolution, that is, "a change from a state of relatively indefinite, incoherent, homogeneity to a state of relatively definite, coherent, heterogeneity," was to Spencer that universal process which happened in both nature and social society
Growth Structure. and Differentation Both organic and social aggregates are characterized by Spencer according to progressive increases in size. Societies like living bodies, begin as germs originate from masses which are extremel minute in comparison with the masses some of them eventually reach 2021/221 27
2021/2/21 27 • Growth,Structure, and Differentation • Both organic and social aggregates are characterized by Spencer according to progressive increases in size. "Societies, like living bodies, begin as germs-- originate from masses which are extremely minute in comparison with the masses some of them eventually reach
Societal growth may come about through two processes, which go on sometimes separately, and sometimes together. It results either from an increase in population, " by simple multiplication of units, "or from the joining of previously unrelated units by union of groups, and again by union of groups of groups. 2021/221 28
2021/2/21 28 • Societal growth may come about through two processes, "which go on sometimes separately, and sometimes together." It results either from an increase in population, "by simple multiplication of units," or from the joining of previously unrelated units by "union of groups, and again by union of groups of groups
s. Increases in the size of units is invariabl accompanied by an increase in the complexity of their structure. The process of growth, by definition, is to Spencer a process of integration And integration in its turn must be accompanied y a progressive differentiation of structures and functions if the organism or the societal unit is to remain viable--that is. if it is to survive in the struggle for existence 2021/221 29
2021/2/21 29 • Increases in the size of units is invariably accompanied by an increase in the complexity of their structure. The process of growth, by definition, is to Spencer a process of integration. And integration in its turn must be accompanied by a progressive differentiation of structures and functions if the organism or the societal unit is to remain viable--that is, if it is to survive in the struggle for existence
Social aggregates, like organic ones, grow from relatively undifferentiated states in which the parts resemble one another into differentiated states in which these parts have become dissimilar. Moreover, once parts have become unlike they are mutually dependent on each other; thus, with growing differentiation comes growing interdependence and hence integration 2021/221
2021/2/21 30 • Social aggregates, like organic ones, grow from relatively undifferentiated states in which the parts resemble one another into differentiated states in which these parts have become dissimilar. Moreover, once parts have become unlike, they are mutually dependent on each other; thus, with growing differentiation comes growing interdependence and hence integration