3. Cerebral anoxemia, particularly mild arteriosclerosis, postural hypotension, and anemia 4. Endocrine disease, particularly hypothyroidism; and female hormonal disturbance 5. Epilepsy(癫痫) Nonvertiginous labyrinthine disease affects primarily the cochlea and includes the following 1. Congenital and neonatal hearing loss 2. Familial deafness Presbycusis(老年性耳聋) 4. Drug toxicity 5 Ototropic viral disease(耳带状疱疹) 6. Noise-induced hearing loss 7. Sudden idiopathic hearing loss(突发性耳聋) 8 Otosclerosis(耳硬化症) Examination of the patient with labyrinthine symptoms(vertigo hearing loss, and tinnitus)should include caloric examination and hearing evaluation. The latter should consist of air and bone audiometry; speech audiometry; Bekesy audiometry, when indicated; and determination of recruitment. If the examiner does not have the equipment to perform these tests, the patient should be referred to a Speech and Hearing center where they may be performed. In general, all patients with unilateral
3. Cerebral anoxemia, particularly mild arteriosclerosis, postural hypotension, and anemia 4. Endocrine disease, particularly hypothyroidism; and female hormonal disturbance 5. Epilepsy（癫痫） Nonvertiginous labyrinthine disease affects primarily the cochlea and includes the following: 1. Congenital and neonatal hearing loss 2. Familial deafness 3. Presbycusis(老年性耳聋). 4. Drug toxicity 5. Ototropic viral disease(耳带状疱疹) 6. Noise-induced hearing loss 7. Sudden idiopathic hearing loss（突发性耳聋） 8. Otosclerosis （耳硬化症） Examination of the patient with labyrinthine symptoms (vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus) should include caloric examination and hearing evaluation. The latter should consist of air and bone audiometry; speech audiometry; Bekesy audiometry, when indicated; and determination of recruitment. If the examiner does not have the equipment to perform these tests, the patient should be referred to a Speech and Hearing center where they may be performed. In general, all patients with unilateral
symptoms or findings or with widely differing findings in the two ears should have the comp lete battery oftests described above n recent times, electronystagmography(眼震电图描记法)has enabled accurate quantitative measurement of the ocular responses to caloric and rotatory tests of the vestibular apparatus and should be employed when available Radiographic examination of the inner ear includes the Stenvers view and the Town-Chamber lain view. These projections enable visualization of the petrous bone and internal auditory canal. In instances CTor Mr is essential in the work-up ofthese problems In many cases complete neurologic examination and spinal fluid analysis are necessary to provide an exact diagnosis MENIERES DISEASE In 1848 Prosper Meniere described the symptom complex bearing his name, illustrating the report by citing(l )the case of a young girl who died from labyrinthine hemorrhage in order to prove definitely the anatomic origin of the symptoms. Knowledge of the pathologic process (although anticipated by G. Portmann, who likened the disease to glaucoma) was provided by hall ike and Cairns in 1938, who reported
symptoms or findings or with widely differing findings in the two ears should have the complete battery of tests described above. In recent times, electronystagmography(眼震电图描记法) has enabled accurate quantitative measurement of the ocular responses to caloric and rotatory tests of the vestibular apparatus and should be employed when available. Radiographic examination of the inner ear includes the Stenvers view and the Town-Chamberlain view. These projections enable visualization of the petrous bone and internal auditory canal. In most instancesCT or MR is essential in the work-up of these problems. In many cases complete neurologic examination and spinal fluid analysis are necessary to provide an exact diagnosis. MENIERE'S DISEASE In 1848 Prosper Meniere described the symptom complex bearing his name, illustrating the report by citing (引用) the case of a young girl who died from labyrinthine hemorrhage in order to prove definitely the anatomic origin of the symptoms. Knowledge of the pathologic process (although anticipated by G. Portmann, who likened the disease to glaucoma) was provided by Hallpike and Cairns in 1938, who reported