结论 本文的研究得出了以下几个结论:第一,在中国,集体行动的组织 对集体行动的结果有重要的影响意义。这主要体现在组织对资源调动 的能力和对行动中话语塑造的能力和影响。虽然中国的非政府组织注 册比较困难,但是那些未经注册的网络化生存的集体行动组织同样和 正式注册的组织一样有行动能力。另外,我们也发现有社会组织领导 的集体行动往往提出的诉求更为理性,也更有可能运用制度化的策略 而非对抗性的策略。 第二,政府对集体行动的处理态度对集体行动的策略选择有很大 的影响。当政府的态度是开放的、允许意见表达时,集体行动者更愿意 采取合作性的策略∶当政府的态度是封闭的,集体行动者才会被迫采用 对抗性的策略。所以,适当地鼓励群众的利益表达,并加以合理的疏 第三,这三个案例的比较说明不同的诉求会影响具体的集体行动 的政治机会,这是因为在特定政策领域的行动者会根据自身的利益对 抗议者的诉求进行反应,从而或形成政治同盟,或为反对力量,或成为 中立方。所以,诉求定位合适,努力争取同盟,尽量避免政治阻力的集 体行动更容易获得成功。 Fudan University
Fudan University 结论 11
结论 第三,这三个案例的比较说明不同的诉求会影响具体的集体行动 的政治机会,这是因为在特定政策领域的行动者会根据自身的利益对 抗议者的诉求进行反应,从而或形成政治同盟,或为反对力量,或成为 中立方。所以,诉求定位合适,努力争取同盟,尽量避免政治阻力的集 体行动更容易获得成功。 第四,这三个案例的比较还凸显了媒体在集体性抗争行动中的重 要作用。首先,集体行动离不开话语塑造和框架整合。集体行动组织 者在话语策略方面需要媒体的配合。其次,对抗性策略的应用也需要 媒体的报道才能达到效果。但是媒体对抗争行动的报道有一定的选择 性。有戏剧性冲突、有时效性的行动更容易获得报道∶集体行动组织在 话语塑造和议题设计方面定位越清晰,同时并未对主流价值意识形态 产生太大的挑战,就越容易被报道。再次,集体行动通过媒体报道和传 播,促进公众对议题的认知,从而影响了大众舆论的形成和导向大众 舆论又会对立法和政治环境产生一定的影响力,从而影响集体行动的 结果 Fudan University
Fudan University 结论 12
Rachel Schurman and william Munro. 2009. Targeting capital: A cultural economy approach to understanding the efficacy of two anti-genetic engineering movements. American Journal of Sociology vol 115 No. 1 size is much bigger than UK, less 5 dominant companies which held 75% concentrated, supermarkets are more Structure of supermarket sector of market share, supermarkets take a culturally predisposed to collaborate igh-quality strategy with biotec industry, supermarkets take a lower price strategy trusting consumer culture: trust supermarket consumer culture food safety and food quality regulatory authorities, technology and corporations farmers' relationship with agribiotech weak relationship strong connection Fudan University
Fudan University Rachel Schurman and William Munro. 2009. Targeting capital：A cultural economy approach to understanding the efficacy of two anti-genetic engineering movements. American Journal of Sociology Vol 115 No. 1 13 UK US Structure of supermarket sector 5 dominant companies which held 75% of market share, supermarkets take a high-quality strategy size is much bigger than UK, less concentrated, supermarkets are more culturally predisposed to collaborate with biotec industry, supermarkets take a lower price strategy supermarket consumer culture food safety and food quality trusting consumer culture: trust regulatory authorities, technology and corporations farmers' relationship with agribiotech industry weak relationship strong connection
Kitschelt, Herbert 1986, "Political Opportunity Structures and political Protest: Anti Nuclear Movements in Four Democracies British Journal of Political science 16 o Research questions: how do the characteristics of domestic political opportunity structures influence the mobilization strategies and impacts of anti-nuclear movement in four countries ePOs set the range of likely protest activities. ePos facilitate or impede movement impact(procedure, substantive and structral) nput:1)政党的数量,2)立法机构能独立于行 政机构制定和控制政体的能力,3)利益集团与行 Output:1)政府机构的集中程度 政部门的互动模式4)利益集团的意见能渗透到政 2)政府能控制市场的程度, 策制定的过程中 3)司法机构的独立性 TABLE I Political Opportunity Structures in France, Sweden, West Germany and the United states Political input structures Open Closed Political output Strong Sweden france structures Weak United West States Germany Fudan University 14
Fudan University Kitschelt, Herbert 1986,“Political Opportunity Structures and Political Protest: Anti Nuclear Movements in Four Democracies.” British Journal of Political Science 16. 14 ⚫Research questions: how do the characteristics of domestic political opportunity structures influence the mobilization strategies and impacts of anti-nuclear movement in four countries ? ⚫POS set the range of likely protest activities. ⚫POS facilitate or impede movement impact (procedure, substantive and structral) Input：1）政党的数量，2）立法机构能独立于行 政机构制定和控制政体的能力，3）利益集团与行 政部门的互动模式 4）利益集团的意见能渗透到政 策制定的过程中 Output: 1）政府机构的集中程度 2）政府能控制市场的程度， 3）司法机构的独立性
Kitschelt, Herbert 1986, Political Opportunity Structures and Political Protest: Anti Nuclear movements in four democracies British Journal of Political science 16 TABLE 2 Hypotheses About the Relationship Between Political Opportu niry Structures and the Dynamics of social Movements Political input structures Open Closed (r)Assimilative movement(1)Confrontational strategies dominant movement strategies (2)Significant procedural dominant Strong (2)Few procedural impacts (3) High substantive policy (3)Limited substantive elite Innovation reform: low-medium (4)Few structural pressures Innovation (4) Strong structural pressures Political output Sweden) rance structure (1 Assimilative movement (1) Confrontational and strategies dominant assimilative movement (2) Significant procedural strategies (2) Few procedural impacts (3)Substantive impacts (3)Few substantive impacts Weak tendency towards policy tendency towards policy stalemate: medium-low stalemate; very low Innovation Innovation ( 4) Few structural pressures(4) Strong structural (United States) (West Germany Fudan University 15
Fudan University Kitschelt, Herbert 1986,“Political Opportunity Structures and Political Protest: Anti Nuclear Movements in Four Democracies.” British Journal of Political Science 16. 15