LIST OF MEMBER STATES BY WHO REGION AND MORTALITY STRATUM To aid in cause of death analyses, burden of disease analyses, and comparative risk assessment, the 191 Member States of WHO have been divided into five mortality strata on the basis of their levels of child mortality under five years of age (5q0) and 15-59-year-old male mortality (45q15) The classification of Member States into the mortality strata was carried out using population estimates for 1999(UN Population Division 1998)and estimates of 5q0 and 45q15 based on WHO analyses of mortality rates for 1999 Quintiles of the distribution of 5q0(both sexes combined) were used to define a very low child mortality group(1s quintile), a low child mortality group(2nd and 3rd quintiles) and a high child mortality group(4th and 5th quintiles). Adult mortality 45q15 was regressed on 5q0 and the regression line used to divide countries with high child mortality into high adult mortality(stratum D) and very high adult mortality(stratum E). Stratum E includes the countries in sub-Saharan Africa where HIVIAIDS has had a very substantial impact Annex Figure 1. WHO Member States grouped by mortality strata, 1999 Mortality strata A. very low child, 常 巴 2 0.000.050.100.150.200.250.3 0.35 Child mortality (under 5 years of age, per 1000 live births) When these mortality strata are applied to the six WHO regions, they produce 14 epidemiological subregions, which are used throughout this report and in the Annex Tables to present results. The mortality strata to which WHO Member States are classified are listed below. This classification has no official status and is for analytical purposes only
LIST OF MEMBER STATES BY WHO REGION AND MORTALITY STRATUM To aid in cause of death analyses, burden of disease analyses, and comparative risk assessment, the 191 Member States of WHO have been divided into five mortality strata on the basis of their levels of child mortality under five years of age (5q0) and 15 - 59-year-old male mortality (45q15). The classification of Member States into the mortality strata was carried out using population estimates for 1999 (UN Population Division 1998) and estimates of 5q0 and 45q15 based on WHO analyses of mortality rates for 1999. Quintiles of the distribution of 5q0 (both sexes combined) were used to define a very low child mortality group (1st quintile), a low child mortality group (2nd and 3rd quintiles) and a high child mortality group (4th and 5th quintiles). Adult mortality 45q15was regressed on 5q0 and the regression line used to divide countries with high child mortality into high adult mortality (stratum D) and very high adult mortality (stratum E). Stratum E includes the countries in sub-Saharan Africa where HIV/AIDS has had a very substantial impact. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 Child mortality (under 5 years of age, per 1000 live births) Adult mortality (15-59 years of age, per 1000 population) C E A B D Annex Figure 1. WHO Member States grouped by mortality strata, 1999 Mortality strata A. Very low child, very low adult B. Low child, low adult C. Low child, high adult D. High child, high adult E. High child, very high adult When these mortality strata are applied to the six WHO regions, they produce 14 epidemiological subregions, which are used throughout this report and in the Annex Tables to present results. The mortality strata to which WHO Member States are classified are listed below. This classification has no official status and is for analytical purposes only
234 The World Health Report 2002 African Region Region of the Americas Eastern Mediterranean Region Antigua and Barbuda- AMR-B Afghanistan-EMR-D Angola -AFR-D Argentina-AMR-B Bahrain-EMR-B Benin-AFR-D Cyprus-EMR-B Botswana -AFR-E Barbados- AMR-B Burkina Faso-AFR-D Belize-AMR-B Egypt-EMR-D Bolivia-AMR-D Iran, Islamic Republic of -EMR-B Cameroon-AFR-D Brazi-AMR-B Iraq-EMR-D Cape Verde-AFR-D Canada-AMR-A Jordan -EMR-B Central African Republic-AFR-E Chile- AMR-B Kuwait-EMR-B Chad-AFR-D Colombia-AMR-B Lebanon -EMR-B Comoros-AFR-D Costa Rica-AMR-B Libyan Arab Jamahiriya-EMR-B Congo-AFR-E lba-AMR-A Morocco-EMR-D Cote d'lvoire-AFR-E Dominica -AMR-B Oman-EMR-B Democratic Republic of the Congo- AFR-E Dominican Republic-AMR-B Pakistan-EMR-D Equatorial Guinea-AFR-D Ecuador-AMR-D Qatar-EMR-B Eritrea-AFR-E EI Salvador-AMR-B Saudi Arabia-EMR-B AFR-E Grenada-AMR-B Somalia-EMR-D Guatemala-AMR-D Sudan -EMR-D Gambia-AFR-D Guyana-AMR-B Syrian Arab Republic-EMR-B Ghana-AFR-D Haiti-AMR-D Tunisia-EMR-B Guinea-AFR-D Honduras-AMR-B United arab emirates-EMR-B Guinea-Bissau-AFR-D Jamaica-AMR-B Kenya-AFR-E Mexico-AMR-B Lesotho-AFR-E AMR-D Liberia-AFR-D Panama-AMR-B Madagascar- AFR-D Paraguay-AMR-B Malawi-AFR-E Mali-AFR-D Saint Kitts and Nevis-AMR-B Mauritania-AFR-D Saint Lucia-AMR-B Mauritius-AFR-D Saint vincent and the Mozambique-AFR-E Grenadines- AMR-B Namibia-AFR-E Suriname-AMR-B Trinidad and Tobago -AMR-B Nigeria-AFR-D United States of America-AMR-A Rwanda-AFR-E Sao Tome and Principe -AFR-D Venezuela. Bolivarian Senegal-AFR-D Republic of-AMR-B Seychelles-AFR-D Sierra leone-AFR-D South Africa-AFR-E waziland-AFR-E Togo- AFR-D Mortality strata Uganda-AFR-E A. Very low child, very low adult United Republic of Tanzania-AFR-E B Low child. low adult C Low child, high adult zambia -AFR-E D High child, high adult Zimbabwe-AFR-E E High child, very high adult
234 The World Health Report 2002 African Region Algeria — AFR-D Angola – AFR-D Benin – AFR-D Botswana – AFR-E Burkina Faso – AFR-D Burundi – AFR-E Cameroon – AFR-D Cape Verde – AFR-D Central African Republic – AFR-E Chad – AFR-D Comoros – AFR-D Congo – AFR-E Côte d’Ivoire – AFR-E Democratic Republic of the Congo – AFR-E Equatorial Guinea – AFR-D Eritrea – AFR-E Ethiopia – AFR-E Gabon – AFR-D Gambia – AFR-D Ghana – AFR-D Guinea – AFR-D Guinea-Bissau – AFR-D Kenya – AFR-E Lesotho – AFR-E Liberia – AFR-D Madagascar – AFR-D Malawi – AFR-E Mali – AFR-D Mauritania – AFR-D Mauritius – AFR-D Mozambique – AFR-E Namibia – AFR-E Niger – AFR-D Nigeria – AFR-D Rwanda – AFR-E Sao Tome and Principe – AFR-D Senegal – AFR-D Seychelles – AFR-D Sierra Leone – AFR-D South Africa – AFR-E Swaziland – AFR-E Togo – AFR-D Uganda – AFR-E United Republic of Tanzania – AFR-E Zambia – AFR-E Zimbabwe – AFR-E Region of the Americas Antigua and Barbuda – AMR-B Argentina – AMR-B Bahamas – AMR-B Barbados – AMR-B Belize – AMR-B Bolivia – AMR-D Brazil – AMR-B Canada – AMR-A Chile – AMR-B Colombia – AMR-B Costa Rica – AMR-B Cuba – AMR-A Dominica – AMR-B Dominican Republic – AMR-B Ecuador – AMR-D El Salvador – AMR-B Grenada – AMR-B Guatemala – AMR-D Guyana – AMR-B Haiti – AMR-D Honduras – AMR-B Jamaica – AMR-B Mexico – AMR-B Nicaragua – AMR-D Panama – AMR-B Paraguay – AMR-B Peru – AMR-D Saint Kitts and Nevis – AMR-B Saint Lucia – AMR-B Saint Vincent and the Grenadines – AMR-B Suriname – AMR-B Trinidad and Tobago – AMR-B United States of America – AMR-A Uruguay – AMR-B Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of – AMR-B Eastern Mediterranean Region Afghanistan – EMR-D Bahrain – EMR-B Cyprus – EMR-B Djibouti – EMR-D Egypt – EMR-D Iran, Islamic Republic of – EMR-B Iraq – EMR-D Jordan – EMR-B Kuwait – EMR-B Lebanon – EMR-B Libyan Arab Jamahiriya – EMR-B Morocco – EMR-D Oman – EMR-B Pakistan – EMR-D Qatar – EMR-B Saudi Arabia – EMR-B Somalia – EMR-D Sudan – EMR-D Syrian Arab Republic – EMR-B Tunisia – EMR-B United Arab Emirates – EMR-B Yemen – EMR-D 234 The World Health Report 2002 Mortality strata A. Very low child, very low adult B. Low child, low adult C. Low child, high adult D. High child, high adult E. High child, very high adult
List of Member States by WHO Region and mortality stratum 235 European Region South-East Asia Region Western Pacific Region Albania-EUR-B Bangla Australia-WPR-A Andorra-EUR-A Bhutan-SEAR-D Brunei Darussalam -WPR-A Armenia-EUR-B Democratic People's Cambodia-WPR-B Austria-EUR-A Republic of Korea -SEAR-D China-WPR-B Azerbaijan-EUR-B India-SEAR-D Cook Islands-WPR-B Indonesia-SEAR-B Belgium-EUR-A Maldives-SEAR-D Japan-WPR-A Bosnia and Herzegovina- EUR-B Myanmar-SEAR-D Kiribati-WPR-B Nepal- SEAR-D Lao Peoples Croatia-EUR-A Sri Lanka-SEAR-B Democratic Republic-WPR-B Czech Republic-EUR-A Thailand- SEAR-B Malaysia-WPR-B Denmark-EUR-A Marshall islands-WPR-B Estonia-EUR-C Micronesia, Federated Finland-EUR-A States of-WPR-B France-EUR-A Mongolia-WPR-B Georgia-EUR-B Nauru-WPR-B nany-EUR-A New Zealand-WPR-A Niue-WPR-B Hungary-EUR-C Palau-WPR-B Iceland-EUR-A Papua New Guinea-WPR-B Ireland-EUR-A Philippines-WPR-B Israel-EUR-A Republic of Korea-WPR-B Samoa-WPR-B Kazakhstan -EUR-C Singapore-WPR-A Kyrgyzstan-EUR-B Solomon islands-WPR-B Latvia-EUR-O Lithuania-EUR-C Luxembourg-EUR-A Vanuatu-WPR-B Malta-EUR-A Viet Nam -WPR-B Monaco-EUR-A Netherlands-EUR-A Norway- EUR-A Poland-EUR-B Portugal-EUR-A Republic of Moldova-EUR-C Romania-EUR-B Russian Federation -EUR-C San Marino-EUR-A Slovakia-EUR-B Slovenia-EUR-A Spain-EUR-A Sweden-EUR-A Switzerland-EUR-A Tajikistan-EUR-B ner Yugo Republic of Macedonia-EUR-B Turkey-EUR-B Turkmenistan -EUR-B Ukraine-EUR-O United Kingdom-EUR-A Uzbekistan -EUR-B
List of Member States by WHO Region and mortality stratum Index 235 European Region Albania – EUR-B Andorra – EUR-A Armenia – EUR-B Austria – EUR-A Azerbaijan – EUR-B Belarus – EUR-C Belgium – EUR-A Bosnia and Herzegovina – EUR-B Bulgaria – EUR-B Croatia – EUR-A Czech Republic – EUR-A Denmark – EUR-A Estonia – EUR-C Finland – EUR-A France – EUR-A Georgia – EUR-B Germany – EUR-A Greece – EUR-A Hungary – EUR-C Iceland – EUR-A Ireland – EUR-A Israel – EUR-A Italy – EUR-A Kazakhstan – EUR-C Kyrgyzstan – EUR-B Latvia – EUR-C Lithuania – EUR-C Luxembourg – EUR-A Malta – EUR-A Monaco – EUR-A Netherlands – EUR-A Norway – EUR-A Poland – EUR-B Portugal – EUR-A Republic of Moldova – EUR-C Romania – EUR-B Russian Federation – EUR-C San Marino – EUR-A Slovakia – EUR-B Slovenia – EUR-A Spain – EUR-A Sweden – EUR-A Switzerland – EUR-A Tajikistan – EUR-B The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia – EUR-B Turkey – EUR-B Turkmenistan – EUR-B Ukraine – EUR-C United Kingdom – EUR-A Uzbekistan – EUR-B Yugoslavia – EUR-B South-East Asia Region Bangladesh – SEAR-D Bhutan – SEAR-D Democratic People’s Republic of Korea – SEAR-D India – SEAR-D Indonesia – SEAR-B Maldives – SEAR-D Myanmar – SEAR-D Nepal – SEAR-D Sri Lanka – SEAR-B Thailand – SEAR-B Western Pacific Region Australia – WPR-A Brunei Darussalam – WPR-A Cambodia – WPR-B China – WPR-B Cook Islands – WPR-B Fiji – WPR-B Japan – WPR-A Kiribati – WPR-B Lao People’s Democratic Republic – WPR-B Malaysia – WPR-B Marshall Islands – WPR-B Micronesia, Federated States of – WPR-B Mongolia – WPR-B Nauru – WPR-B New Zealand – WPR-A Niue – WPR-B Palau – WPR-B Papua New Guinea – WPR-B Philippines – WPR-B Republic of Korea – WPR-B Samoa – WPR-B Singapore – WPR-A Solomon Islands – WPR-B Tonga – WPR-B Tuvalu – WPR-B Vanuatu – WPR-B Viet Nam – WPR-B
236 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Headquarters advisory group Louis Niessen Breastfeeding Iron deficiency evin O Reilly Ana pilar betra nette pruess Ruth Bonita Ken rede Jeremy Addison Lauer hn Clements Anthony Rodgers Work-related carcinogens Lead exposure Carlos Corvalan Tim driscoll David evans eorge Schmid Philip Landrigan Metin Gulmezoglum Anne-Marie Sevcsik Deborah nelson Underweight Iqbal Shah John stover exual abuse stephen Fish Tessa Tan-Torres Edejer Tessa Tan-Torres Edejer Luke Mullany Robert e. Black Yasmin Von Schirnding Mark van ommeren Laura e. caulfield Maged Younes Ying Diana Wu Risk assessment Cholesterol Malcolm Law Alcohol Sussan Bassiri David Brandling-Bennet Stephen MacMahon 远, anthony Rodgers Stephen Vander Hoorn Work-related airborne particulates aristela monteiro Climate change Carlos corvalan Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum Cost-effectiveness assessmen na rehn Edwards Marilyn Fingerhut Robin room Sari Kovats Deborah nelson rihan Al-Husseini ban air pollution Fruit and vegetable intake mes k bartram Louise causer Work-related risk factors Karen Lock hia boschi-Pinto ical Krzyzanowski Joceline pomerleau Carlos Corvalan Daniel Chisholm Christina ciecierski rt ostr Illicit dru Gerald Dziekan Louisa degen Sahra er-ghannam Michael Lynskey Matthew Warner-Smith Rachel Jackson-Leach Indoor smoke from solid fuels Chika Hayashi Sumi Mehta Ciona Ni mhurchu peng Huang borah Nelson Kirk RSmith Chizuru nishida aronne Phillips Unsafe health care injections Raymond Hutubessy regory L. Armstrong Blood pressure Yvan」. EHutin Laue Anja Hauri Physical inactivity Tim Armstrong Carlene Lawes lodine deficiency Colin Mathers Sumi meht Anthony Rodgers ephen Fishman Christopher Mr Stephen Vander Hoom Adnan Ali Hyder uke Mullany
236 The World Health Report 2002 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Headquarters advisory group Markus Behrend Ruth Bonita John Clements Chris Dye Joan Dzenowagis Michael Eriksen David Evans Metin Gulmezoglum Susan Holck Christopher Murray Thomson Prentice Iqbal Shah Kathleen Strong Tessa Tan-Torres Edejer Paul Van Look Yasmin Von Schirnding Maged Younes Regional reference group Billo Mounkaila Abdou Sussan Bassiri David Brandling-Bennet Anca Dumitrescu Myint Htwe Soe Ynunt-U Cost-effectiveness assessment Taghreed Adam Moses Aikins Perihan Al-Husseini Rob Baltussen James K. Bartram Robert E. Black Ilja Borysenko Cynthia Boschi-Pinto Daniel Chisholm Christina Ciecierski Gerald Dziekan Steeve Ebener Sahra El-Ghannam David Evans Majid Ezzati Valery Feigin Laurence Haller Chika Hayashi Yunpeng Huang Jose Hueb Yvan Hutin Raymond Hutubessy Benjamin Johns Jeremy Lauer Carlene Lawes Julia Lowe Colin Mathers Sumi Mehta Christopher Murray Pat Neff Walker Louis Niessen Kevin O’Reilly Annette Pruess Ken Redekop Juergen Rehm Anthony Rodgers Nataly Sabharwal Joshua Salomon George Schmid Bernhard Schwartlander Anne-Marie Sevcsik Mona Sharan Kenji Shibuya John Stover Michael Sweat Tessa Tan-Torres Edejer Niels Tomijima Mark Van Ommeren Ying Diana Wu Risk assessment Alcohol Ulrich Frick Gerhard Gmel Kathryn Graham David Jernigan Maristela Monteiro Jürgen Rehm Nina Rehn Robin Room Christopher T. Sempos Urban air pollution Ross Anderson Aaron Cohen Kersten Gutschmidt Michal Krzyzanowski Nino Künzli Bart Ostro Kiran Pandey Arden Pope Isabelle Romieu Jonathan Samet Kirk R. Smith Work-related ergonomic stressors Jim Leigh Deborah Nelson Sharonne Phillips Annette Pruess Blood pressure Paul Elliott Malcolm Law Carlene Lawes Stephen MacMahon Anthony Rodgers Stephen Vander Hoorn Breastfeeding Ana Pilar Betrán Mercedes de Onis Jeremy Addison Lauer Work-related carcinogens Carlos Corvalan Tim Driscoll Marilyn Fingerhut Jim Leigh Deborah Nelson Annette Pruess Childhood sexual abuse Gavin Andrews Justine Corry Cathy Issakidis Tim Slade Heather Swanston Cholesterol Malcolm Law Carlene Lawes Stephen MacMahon Anthony Rodgers Stephen Vander Hoorn Climate change Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum Sally Edwards Sari Kovats Paul Wilkinson Fruit and vegetable intake Louise Causer Karen Lock Martin Mckee Joceline Pomerleau Illicit drugs Louisa Degenhardt Wayne Hall Michael Lynskey Matthew Warner-Smith Indoor smoke from solid fuels Mirjam Feuz Sumi Mehta Kirk R. Smith Unsafe health care injections Gregory L. Armstrong Yvan J. F. Hutin Anja Hauri Iodine deficiency Robert E. Black Stephen Fishman Adnan Ali Hyder Luke Mullany Iron deficiency Robert E. Black Luke Mullany Rebecca J. Stoltzfus Lead exposure José Luis Ayuso Lorna Fewtrell Philip Landrigan Annette Pruess Underweight Robert E. Black Stephen Fishman Adnan Ali Hyder Luke Mullany Robert E. Black Laura E. Caulfield Worke-related noise Marisol Concha Carlos Corvalan Marilyn Fingerhut Deborah Nelson Robert Nelson Work-related airborne particulates Carlos Corvalan Tim Driscoll Marilyn Fingerhut Jim Leigh Deborah Nelson Annette Pruess Work-related risk factors for injuries Marisol Concha Carlos Corvalan Marilyn Fingerhut Jim Leigh Deborah Nelson Annette Pruess Overweight Rachel Jackson-Leach W. Philip T. James Eleni Kalamara Cliona Ni Mhurchu Chizuru Nishida Neville J. Rigby Anthony Rodgers Maryam Shayeghi Physical inactivity Tim Armstrong Fiona Bull Tracy Dixon Sandra Ham Andrea Neiman Mike Pratt
Acknowledgements Housing and health arl-Gustaf Bomehag Other contributors imon hale Charlotte kieft Clarissa Gould-Thorpe k Wilson bedward Interpersonal violence Data for figures Alex Butchart Debarati Sapir ekka jousilahti Hirotsugu Ueshima Life course Neville Young Epidemiology inp John cleland Multiple causes Carlene Lawes Martine collumbien Patricia Priest nutrition campaigns Statistical annex water sanitation Omar Ahmad Christina Bernard Carmen Dolea Lorna fewtrell Brodie Ferguson David Kay Annette Pruess Needlestick injuries Julie Levison Annette Pruess Vitamin A deficiency bert e. black Chalapati Rao Amy Rice eith pWest jr Joshua salomon Occupational back pain Thomas Truelsen Text boxes Sarah Wild Silvester Yunkap Kwankam Emmanuella Gakidou James M robins Mollie Hogan Robert Beaglehole National health accounts Collective violence Malcom Law Chandika indikadahena Jean-Pierre poullier Coronary heart disease and Protective factors Nathalie van De maele work stress isha Bose Annette pruess Richard jessor Ryff onmental tobacco smoke Road traffic injuries Kirk R smith ny Letcher Emma Hutchison Genetics Pekka puska Tuberculosis Chris d
Index 237 Poverty Tony Blakely Simon Hales Charlotte Kieft Nick Wilson Alistair Woodward Tobacco Majid Ezzati Alan D. Lopez Unsafe sex John Cleland Martine Collumbien Makeda Gerressu Unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene James K. Bartram Lorna Fewtrell David Kay Annette Pruess Vitamin A deficiency Robert E. Black Amy Rice Keith P. West Jr Zinc deficiency Robert E. Black Laura E. Caulfield Text boxes Causal web Miguel A. Hernán James M. Robins Uwe Siebert Collective violence David Meddings Coronary heart disease and work stress Annette Pruess Environmental tobacco smoke Majid Ezzati Alan D. Lopez Kirk R. Smith Genetics Victor Boulyjenkov Paul McKeigue Pekka Puska Housing and health Carl-Gustaf Bornehag Majid Ezzati Yasmin von Schirnding Interpersonal violence Alex Butchart Debarati Sapir Life course George Davey-Smith Multiple causes Robert Beaglehole National nutrition campaigns Rob Carter Steven Crowley Christine Stone Theo Vos Needlestick injuries Annette Pruess Nutritional transition Barry Popkin Occupational back pain Supriya Lahiri Charles Levenstein Pia Makkanen Patient safety Itziar Larizgoitia Silvester Yunkap Kwankam Population-wide strategies for prevention Robert Beaglehole Malcom Law Pekka Puska Protective factors Krishna Bose Richard Jessor Carol Ryff Burton Singer Road traffic injuries Tony Fletcher Emma Hutchison Marge Peden Ian Roberts Tuberculosis Chris Dye Other contributors Administrative assistance Clarissa Gould-Thorpe Data for figures Malcom Law Pekka Jousilahti Hirotsugu Ueshima Neville Young Epidemiology input Carlene Lawes Patricia Priest Statistical annex Omar Ahmad Christina Bernard Carmen Dolea Brodie Ferguson Mie Inoue Julie Levison Dorothy Ma Fat Colin Mathers Chalapati Rao Tanuja Rastogi Joshua Salomon Kenji Shibuya Claudia Stein Edward Tachie-Menson Niels Tomijima Thomas Truelsen Sarah Wild Mortality Emmanuella Gakidou Mollie Hogan National health accounts Patricia Hernandez Chandika Indikadahena Jean-Pierre Poullier Nathalie Van De Maele Acknowledgements