中山大學 SUN YAT-SEN UNIVERSITY 口 PROCESS FORCE AUTHORITY LOADING长 tell neutral(1) neutral (1) neutral (1) sk toned down( 3) neutral (1) neutral(1) zcz< forbid toned up(2) personal(2) negative (3) institutional (3) implore, beg toned down(3) personal(2 (2) neutral (1) require toned up(2) institutional (3) positive(2) ∽cz,zcz Halliday(2004a: 44)
PROCESS FORCE AUTHORITY LOADING ◼ tell neutral (1) neutral (1) neutral (1) ◼ ask toned down (3) neutral (1) neutral (1) ◼ forbid toned up (2) personal (2) negative (3) institutional (3) ◼ implore, beg toned down (3) personal (2) neutral (1) ◼ require toned up (2) institutional (3) positive (2) Halliday (2004a: 44)
中山大學 SUN YAT-SEN UNIVERSITY a The lexicologists dream: building the grammar a out of the lexis 口 Extending lexicological method to the“ grammar”end D Francis(1993): words have their own grammar Verbs like adore, dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, need,want often occur in the pattern "what or all pronoun verb+ be noun 口 Hunston& francis(200: pattern gramma:“ words罗 that share meaning share patterns ■take+ pride/ pleasure/delight+in+…ing cz=<x waste/squander/spend time/energy/money on/in +.. ing
◼ The lexicologist’s dream: building the grammar out of the lexis Extending lexicological method to the “grammar” end Francis (1993): words have their own grammar ◼ Verbs like adore, dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, need, want often occur in the pattern “what or all + pronoun + verb + be + noun”… Hunston & Francis (2000): pattern grammar: “words that share meaning share patterns” ◼ take + pride/pleasure/delight + in + …ing ◼ waste/squander/spend + time/energy/money + on/in + …ing
中山大學 SUN YAT-SEN UNIVERSITY a how do we describe patterns of this kind? D Halliday(2004a: 45 ): In systemic theory they appear as moderately delicate choices in the grammar, typically in transitivity and its related systems, having complex realizations involving both grammatical and lexical selections ∽cz,zcz
◼ How do we describe patterns of this kind? Halliday (2004a: 45): In systemic theory they appear as moderately delicate choices in the grammar, typically in transitivity and its related systems, having complex realizations involving both grammatical and lexical selections
中山大學 SUN YAT-SEN UNIVERSITY a a metafunctional perspective(Halliday 2008 45- 5 65) o Ideationally, the lexicogrammar sorts out the complex s world of our surroundings.. there are particular things.. sorted out into classes, .. classes of classes, or taxonomies. As well as things there are happenings both things and happenings display certain very general features a The lexicogrammar adopts two contrasting perspectives for construing all this complexity. The one is specific and open-ended. the other is general and systemic e two perspectives are complementary, any ∽cz,zcz phenomenon can be looked at in terms of either
◼ a metafunctional perspective (Halliday 2008: 45- 65) Ideationally, the lexicogrammar sorts out the complex world of our surroundings… there are particular things… sorted out into classes,… classes of classes, or taxonomies….As well as things there are happenings… both things and happenings display certain very general features… The lexicogrammar adopts two contrasting perspectives for construing all this complexity. The one is specific and open-ended….the other is general and systemic… The two perspectives are complementary; any phenomenon can be looked at in terms of either…
中山大學 SUN YAT-SEN UNIVERSITY a Halliday(1998.2008: 3-4): the grammar of pain 5 D In english, there is a lexical inventory of different kinds z of pain. based on the items hurt, pain, ache, sore, tender etc,. . and terms in simile or as metaphors burning, throbbing, stabbing etc. Also lexicalized are the parts of the body where pain is found to be located a The relation between the pain and the sufferer is grammaticalized transitivity, voice, etc D A combination of the lexical and the grammatical resources: it hurts, it 's hurting, /hurt, it hurt me, /hurt myself, my leg hurts, have a headache, my head aches 5
◼ Halliday (1998, 2008: 3-4)：the grammar of pain In English, there is a lexical inventory of different kinds of pain… based on the items hurt, pain, ache, sore, tender etc, … and terms in simile or as metaphors: burning, throbbing, stabbing etc. Also lexicalized are the parts of the body where pain is found to be located. The relation between the pain and the sufferer is grammaticalized: transitivity, voice, etc A combination of the lexical and the grammatical resources: it hurts, it’s hurting, I hurt, it hurt me, I hurt myself, my leg hurts, I have a headache, my head aches