1.3.1 Energy budget Reflected Solar Incoming 235 107 Outgoing Radiation 342 Solar Longwave 107Wm2 Radiation Radiation 342Wm2 235Wm-2 Reflected by Clouds, Aerosol and Atmospheric Emitted by 40 Gases Atmosphere/ 165 Atmospheric 77 30 Window Emitted by Clouds, Absorbed by Greenhouse Atmosphere Gases Latent 78 Heat 分 Reflected by 350 40 324 Surface Back 30 Radiation 390 168 24 78 Surface Absorbed by Thermals Evapo- Radiation 324 Surface transpiration Absorbed by Surface FAQ 1.1,Figure 1.Estimate of the Earth's annual and global mean energy balance.Over the long term,the amount of incoming solar radiation absorbed by the Earth and atmosphere is balanced by the Earth and atmosphere releasing the same amount of outooing longwave radlation.About half of the incoming solar radlation is absorbed by the Earth's surface.This energy is transferred to the atmosphere by warming the air in contact with the surface (thermals),by evapotranspiration and by longwave radiation that is bsorbed by clouds and greenhouse gases.The atmosphere in tum radiates longwave energy back to Earth as well as out to space.Source:Kiehl and Trenberth (1997)
1.3.1 Energy budget
1.3.2 Greenhouse effect The Greenhouse Effect Solar radiation powers Some of the Infrared the climate system. SUN radlation passes through the atmosphere but most is absorbed and re-emitted in all directions by greenhouse gas molecules and clouds The effect of this is to Some solar radiation warm the Earth's surface is reflected by and the lower atmosphere. the Earth and the atmosphere. ATMOSPHERE EARTH About half the solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's surface and warms it Infrared radiation is emitted from the Earth's surface. FAQ 1.3,Figure 1.An idealised model of the natural greenhouse effect.See text for explanation
1.3.2 Greenhouse effect
10°m 10m Low frequency 103 03 Very high tHeesionl Ultra-high frequency (月adar X Rays Radio Waves 0.1 Ultra Violet Infta Red 10-2cn 0.4A 40A 4000A 40um 0.4cm 40cm 40m 103 cm 10-4cm Visible Ultraviolet 10-5cm 10-6cm 10-7cm X rays 10-8cm Gamma rays 109cm 10-0cm 10-1cm Cosmic rays 10-2cm Figure 11.1.Electromagnetic spectrum
6000K Black body Solar radiation at the upper (ri uw,w/e)xngu edge of the atmosphere body Solar radiation at the 2 earth surface 0 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 Wave length (4) Typical energy curves of solar radiation arriving at the upper edge of the atmosphere and on the earth surface,in comparison with the black body radiation at 6000K temperature
Typical energy curves of solar radiation arriving at the upper edge of the atmosphere and on the earth surface, in comparison with the black body radiation at 6000K temperature
0 C02 20 Atmosphere 0.1 0.20.30.40.608115234568102030 Wave length (u) Absorption spectra of water vapor,CO2,O2,O3,and the atmosphere