Human-Computer Interaction The designers had no intention of ignoring the human factor. But the technological questions became so overwhelming that they commanded the most attention John Fuller ath by robot Possible Roles for Computers in Control Loops Computer reads and interprets sensor data for operator splays computer k sensors operator controls H actuators Computer provides information and advice to operator displays computer operator k---- process controls
c ��������������������� ����� Human−Computer Interaction [The designers] had no intention of ignoring the human factor ... But the technological questions became so overwhelming that they commanded the most attention. John Fuller Death by Robot c ��������������������� ����� Possible Roles for Computers in Control Loops Computer reads and interprets sensor data for operator ������������� ��������������� ����������������� ������������� ��������������� ������������� �������������� Computer provides information and advice to operator ������������� ��������������� ��������������� �������������� ������������� ����������������� �������������
eveson -243 More Roles for Computers in Control Loops Computer interprets and displays data for operator and issues commands; operator makes varying levels of decisions operator computer ocess controls d actuators Computer assumes complete control with operator providing advice or high-level supervision or simply monitoring Role of Humans in Automated systems The human as monitor Task may be impossible Dependent on information provided State of information more indirect Failures may be silent or masked Little active behavior can lead to lower alertness and vigilance, complacency, and overreliance
�� c ��������������������� ����� More Roles for Computers in Control Loops Computer interprets and displays data for operator and issues commands; operator makes varying levels of decisions. ����������������� ������������� ������������� ��������������� �������������� ��������������� ������������� Computer assumes complete control with operator providing advice or high−level supervision or simply monitoring. c ��������������������� ����� Role of Humans in Automated Systems The Human as Monitor Task may be impossible Dependent on information provided State of information more indirect Failures may be silent or masked Little active behavior can lead to lower alertness and vigilance, complacency, and overreliance
eveson -245 Role of Humans in Automated Systems(con't ● The Human as Backup May lead to lowered proficiency and increased reluctance to intervene Fault intolerance may lead to even larger errors May make crisis handling more difficult The Human as partner may be left with miscellaneous tasks Tasks may be more complex and new tasks added By taking away easy parts, may make difficult parts harder HMI Design Simple solution is to automate as much as possible, but is this the best solution Different is not necessarily better Need to consider conflicts between HMI design qualities Norman: Appropriate design should assume the existence of error Continually provide feedback Continually interact with operators in an effective manner llow for the worst situation possible
c ��������������������� ����� Role of Humans in Automated Systems (con’t.) �� �� The Human as Backup May lead to lowered proficiency and increased reluctance to intervene Fault intolerance may lead to even larger errors May make crisis handling more difficult The Human as Partner May be left with miscellaneous tasks Tasks may be more complex and new tasks added By taking away easy parts, may make difficult parts harder c ��������������������� ����� HMI Design Simple solution is to automate as much as possible, but is this the best solution? Different is not necessarily better. Need to consider conflicts between HMI design qualities. Norman: Appropriate design should: Assume the existence of error. Continually provide feedback. Continually interact with operators in an effective manner. Allow for the worst situation possible
Oeveson-247 HMI Design Process Perform a system hazard analysis to identify high-risk tasks and safety-critical operator errors Identify HCl safety requirements and constraints Design the HMI with requirements Validate design and hazards in mind Establish operational information Perform a hazard analysis on the sources and feedback loops design to identify residual hazards Use feedback from incident and Redesign and implement accident reports and feedback loops for changes and redesign Matching tasks to human characteristics Tailor systems to human requirements instead of vice versa Design to withstand normal, expected human behavior Design to combat lack of alertness Design for error tolerance Help operators monitor themselves and recover from errors Provide feedback about actions operators took and their effects Allow for recovery from erroneous actions
c ��������������������� ����� HMI Design Process Validate design loops for changes and redesign. Use feedback from incident and accident reports and feedback design to identify residual hazards. Design the HMI with requirements Identify HCI safety requirements Establish operational information sources and feedback loops. and hazards in mind. Perform a hazard analysis on the Redesign and implement. and constraints. safety−critical operator errors. to identify high−risk tasks and Perform a system hazard analysis c ��������������������� ����� Matching Tasks to Human Characteristics Tailor systems to human requirements instead of vice versa. Design to withstand normal, expected human behavior. Design to combat lack of alertness. Design for error tolerance: Help operators monitor themselves and recover from errors. Provide feedback about actions operators took and their effects. Allow for recovery from erroneous actions
Approach Seat belt ON Cont Ignition ON Anti-skid N Altimeters 4 ON Fuel boost pumps Air speed bugs Pressurization Approach checklist COMPLETE Allocating Tasks Design considerations · Failure detection Making allocation decisions Emergency shutdown
c ��������������������� ����� Altimeters Fuel boost pumps Air speed bugs Pressurization Approach checklist COMPLETE 4 ON ON Cont Ignition Seat Belt ON ON Approach Anti−skid Allocating Tasks Design considerations. Failure detection. Making allocation decisions. Emergency shutdown. c ��������������������� ����� .