In formal English, given the chance, given the opportunity, etc. mean if you have the chance. e.g. She could have done just as well as you have, given the chance iven imagination, anything is possible a.1.规定的:特定的 2.假设的;已知的 e.g. The work must be done within the given time under a given condition The given radius(半径) being4ft, find the circumference(周长) attach:vt.(to)1. consider that sb has a certain quality认为有;使与…相关联 2 fasten or join系;贴;连接 e.g. The panel of scientists attaches great importance to his research on genes Chinese movies used to attach every good quality to a hero A label is attached to each piece of luggage Bill attached a big bow(蝴蝶结) to the birthday present gender:1.(生理上的)性2.(名词、代词等的)性 Gender means sex but is especially used in job advertisements, in writing about politics and society, as well as in grammar, while sex is a general word e.g. The job is open to any suitably qualified person regardless of age, gender or race Sociologists believe that gender differences in voting will gradually disappear as women become more politicized In German, the gender of the word"Hund", meaning"dog", is masculine( FHtE BJ) proclaim: vt. make known officially or publicly; declare proclaim implies a clear, forceful, authoritative oral declaring of something, often of national e.g. The president proclaimed a day of mourning The American colonies proclaimed their independence in 1776 hand out: distribute分发,散发 e.g. Make a list of names, see if they' re all present, and hand out the books Would you hand the cake out while i pour the coffee? 4. That deference--a somewhat more urgent variation on giving up your seat on the bus to a woman--complemented and perhaps to some extent compensated for the legal and social constraints placed on women at the time--- That respect for women(ie offering priority eating on a lifeboat)was very similar to, but somewhat more urgent than, offering your seat to a woman on the bus. This helped to improve, and perhaps more or less made up for the disabilities attached to womanhood(para10) by law and by society at that time.这种礼让- 同在公共汽车上给女士让座一样,只不过更有点紧迫一-对当时加在妇女身上的法律和社 交限制是一种补充,或许在一定程度上是一种补偿 deference:n. politeness, respect尊敬,敬重 Deference is polite and considerate behavior shown to someone out of respect. It implies giving way to the wishes, views, etc. of that person e.g. He treats his mother with as much deference as if she were the Queen I refused to discuss the matter out of deference to my employer
16 In formal English, given the chance, given the opportunity, etc. mean if you have the chance, the opportunity, etc. e.g. She could have done just as well as you have, given the chance. Given imagination, anything is possible. a. 1. 规定的；特定的 2. 假设的；已知的 e.g. The work must be done within the given time. under a given condition The given radius (半径) being 4 ft., find the circumference(周长). attach: vt. (to) 1. consider that sb. has a certain quality 认为有；使与…相关联 2. fasten or join 系；贴；连接 e.g. The panel of scientists attaches great importance to his research on genes. Chinese movies used to attach every good quality to a hero. A label is attached to each piece of luggage. Bill attached a big bow (蝴蝶结) to the birthday present. gender : 1. (生理上的)性 2. (名词、代词等的)性 Gender means sex but is especially used in job advertisements, in writing about politics and society, as well as in grammar, while sex is a general word. e.g. The job is open to any suitably qualified person regardless of age, gender or race. Sociologists believe that gender differences in voting will gradually disappear as women become more politicized. In German, the gender of the word "Hund", meaning "dog" , is masculine( 阳性的). proclaim : vt. make known officially or publicly; declare proclaim implies a clear, forceful, authoritative oral declaring of something, often of national importance. e.g. The president proclaimed a day of mourning. The American colonies proclaimed their independence in 1776. hand out : distribute 分发, 散发 e.g. Make a list of names, see if they're all present, and hand out the books. Would you hand the cake out while I pour the coffee? 4. That deference -- a somewhat more urgent variation on giving up your seat on the bus to a woman -- complemented and perhaps to some extent compensated for the legal and social constraints placed on women at the time. --- That respect for women (i.e. offering priority seating on a lifeboat) was very similar to, but somewhat more urgent than, offering your seat to a woman on the bus. This helped to improve, and perhaps more or less made up for the disabilities attached to womanhood (para.10) by law and by society at that time. 这种礼让---- 同在公共汽车上给女士让座一样，只不过更有点紧迫----对当时加在妇女身上的法律和社 交限制是一种补充，或许在一定程度上是一种补偿 deference : n. politeness, respect 尊敬，敬重 Deference is polite and considerate behavior shown to someone out of respect. It implies giving way to the wishes, views, etc. of that person. e.g. He treats his mother with as much deference as if she were the Queen. I refused to discuss the matter out of deference to my employer
variation: n(on) one in a group or set which is different in some way from the normal or most e.g. His books are all variations on a basic theme It was the same TV programme with only nightly variations constraint:n. limitation or restriction约束,限制 e.g. Living with a roommate imposed constraints on her--she couldn,t have her parties late at The financial constraints on the company meant that they couldn 't employ new staff. Ask students to do ex. vill Translati No 4: Given that most women nowadays have jobs outside the home, it's natural that they object to their husbands treating them like housekeepers No 6: When John recovered unexpectedly from cancer, his doctors attributed it to his strong will and faith in the future Para. 11 1. what entitles women to the privileges--and reduces them to the status - of children? why should women be given the same privileges, and be brought to the same insignificant status, as children? reduce sb. to e.g. We were reduced to selling the car to pay the rent He ran out of cigarettes and was reduced to smoking the butts left in the ashtrays 1. ladies-to-the-lifeboats is an instinct that developed to perpetuate the species--- giving priority to ladies to enable them to survive a shipwreck is a natural tendency formed in order to prevent the extinction of mankind perpetuate:vt.make(sh) continue for a long time, carry sth.on使永久;保持 e.g. Such a social system will only perpetuate poverty and inequality The aim of the association is to perpetuate the skills of traditional furniture design village if the men survive and only a few of the women survive Bur 2. but not if the men survive and only a few of the women ut you can not repopulate a 3. Women being more precious, biologically speaking, than men, evolution has conditioned us to give them the kind of life-protecting deference we give to that other seed of the futur kids--- Because women are more important than men in the perpetuation of mankind, the law of evolution has influenced our attitude, so that we give women the same kind of priority of survival as we give children, on whom, too, mankind relies for perpetuation.因为从生物学的 角度来讲妇女比男子更为珍贵,所以进化论的影响使我们把给予未来的另一颗种子--儿 童的那份保护生命的礼让给予了她们 Women being more precious. than men is a present participle phrase used in the absolute construction. which functions as an adverbial of cause in the sentence biologically speaking: from a biological point of view Speaking can be used with an adverb to define the way in which or the point of view from which something is described or stated
17 variation : n. (on) one in a group or set which is different in some way from the normal or most common e.g. His books are all variations on a basic theme. It was the same TV programme with only nightly variations. constraint: n. limitation or restriction 约束，限制 e.g. Living with a roommate imposed constraints on her --she couldn't have her parties late at night. The financial constraints on the company meant that they couldn't employ new staff. Ask students to do Ex. VIII. Translation: No.4: Given that most women nowadays have jobs outside the home, it’s natural that they object to their husbands treating them like housekeepers. No.6: When John recovered unexpectedly from cancer, his doctors attributed it to his strong will and faith in the future. Para.11 1. what entitles women to the privileges -- and reduces them to the status -- of children? --- why should women be given the same privileges, and be brought to the same insignificant status, as children? reduce sb. to: bring sb. to (a specified, usu. worse, state or condition) e.g. We were reduced to selling the car to pay the rent. He ran out of cigarettes and was reduced to smoking the butts left in the ashtrays. Para.12 1. ladies-to-the-lifeboats is an instinct that developed to perpetuate the species --- giving priority to ladies to enable them to survive a shipwreck is a natural tendency formed in order to prevent the extinction of mankind perpetuate : vt. make (sth.) continue for a long time; carry sth. on 使永久；保持 e.g. Such a social system will only perpetuate poverty and inequality. The aim of the association is to perpetuate the skills of traditional furniture design. 2. but not if the men survive and only a few of the women. --- ..., but you can not repopulate a village if the men survive and only a few of the women survive. 3. Women being more precious, biologically speaking, than men, evolution has conditioned us to give them the kind of life-protecting deference we give to that other seed of the future: kids. --- Because women are more important than men in the perpetuation of mankind, the law of evolution has influenced our attitude, so that we give women the same kind of priority of survival as we give children, on whom, too, mankind relies for perpetuation. 因为从生物学的 角度来讲妇女比男子更为珍贵，所以进化论的影响使我们把给予未来的另一颗种子----儿 童的那份保护生命的礼让给予了她们 Women being more precious ... than men is a present participle phrase used in the absolute construction, which functions as an adverbial of cause in the sentence. biologically speaking: from a biological point of view Speaking can be used with an adverb to define the way in which or the point of view from which something is described or stated
oughly speaking, there ar condition-vt influence the attitudes, opinions or actions of e.g. Environment conditions the development of an anima She had conditioned the child to see me as an enemy tecting defel ere Para. 13 1. The problem with this kind of logic. is its depressing reductionism. - The problem with hat it disappointingly reduces women to the low status of child-beare reductionism: n. a viewpoint or philosophy that seeks to explain things by focusing on their various parts, rather than treating them as entire beings简单化方法 2. It's like a serious version of the geneticist's old joke that a chicken is just an eggs way of making another egg.-- It's like a repetition in serious words of what geneticists used to say jokingly about the relationship between a chicken and an egg-a chicken is nothing but g-laye version: n. 1. one person's account of an event, as compared with that of another person hik 说法 2.版本;改写本 e.g. Janes version of the accident was quite different from Tom's I saw the movie version of that story before I read the book. 3. And traditional courtesies are more than just disguised survival strategies. - And traditional polite behavior to women is not just a false display intended for the survival of the human race courtesy:n.1. polite behavior; good manners谦恭有礼;有礼的举止 2. a polite or kind action or expression好意;恩惠 e.g. The students showed their teacher courtesy and respect i appreciated your many small courtesies when I visited your office more than just not just; not simply Translation: No. 1: The ability to fend for oneself is indispensable to any adult, but real maturity is more than just a set of survival strategies Para. 14 1. Perhaps it's really "women for children.-- Perhaps what we should really say is"women for childre 2. Equal parenting is great, but women, from breast to cradle to reassuring hug, can nurture in ways that men cannot. --It is pretty good for father and mother to be equal in their relationship with children but many duties in the rearing and caring of children can be performed only by women in their special ways, and never by men.父母同等的养育固然伟 大,但是妇女,从哺乳、抚育到安抚的拥抱,能够以男性做不到的方式养育子女 breast breast-feeding
18 e.g. Roughly speaking, there are two possibilities. He's not a doctor - technically speaking. condition - vt. influence the attitudes, opinions or actions of e.g. Environment conditions the development of an animal. She had conditioned the child to see me as an enemy. life-protecting deference: (here) acts, respect and politeness done to women for the protection of their lives Para.13 1. The problem with this kind of logic ... is its depressing reductionism. --- The problem with evolutionary psychologists' reasoning ... is that it disappointingly reduces women to the low status of child-bearers. reductionism: n. a viewpoint or philosophy that seeks to explain things by focusing on their various parts, rather than treating them as entire beings 简单化方法 2. It's like a serious version of the geneticist's old joke that a chicken is just an egg's way of making another egg. --- It's like a repetition in serious words of what geneticists used to say jokingly about the relationship between a chicken and an egg - a chicken is nothing but an egg-layer. version : n. 1. one person's account of an event, as compared with that of another person 描述， 说法 2. 版本；改写本 e.g. Jane's version of the accident was quite different from Tom's. I saw the movie version of that story before I read the book. 3. And traditional courtesies are more than just disguised survival strategies. --- And traditional polite behavior to women is not just a false display intended for the survival of the human race. courtesy : n. 1. polite behavior; good manners 谦恭有礼；有礼的举止 2. a polite or kind action or expression 好意；恩惠 e.g. The students showed their teacher courtesy and respect. I appreciated your many small courtesies when I visited your office. more than just: not just; not simply Translation: No.1: The ability to fend for oneself is indispensable to any adult, but real maturity is more than just a set of survival strategies. Para.14 1. Perhaps it's really “women for children”. --- Perhaps what we should really say is “women for children”. 2. Equal parenting is great, but women, from breast to cradle to reassuring hug, can nurture in ways that men cannot. --- It is pretty good for father and mother to be equal in their relationship with children, but many duties in the rearing and caring of children can be performed only by women in their special ways, and never by men. 父母同等的养育固然伟 大，但是妇女，从哺乳、抚育到安抚的拥抱，能够以男性做不到的方式养育子女 breast = breast-feeding
3. women should go second -- women should have the second priority(next to children who are given first priority Translation No 8: Many feminists object to the notion that men cant nurture children as well as women can Para. 15-17 1. But kiddie-centrism gets you only so far--- The explanation that women are given priority to survive just because children need them is convincing up to this point only 2. a singles cruise ---a cruise for unmarried people cruise:n. a sea voyage for pleasure海上航游 e.g. The Smiths took a cruise to Alaska She has always wanted to go on a Caribbean cruise v. sail or move at a constant speed that is unhurried and comfortable航游;巡航;缓 慢巡行 e.g. During your holiday, you can cruise along the Seine(454t a )and see the famous sights of Paris Taxies cruised about, hoping to pick up late fares(E3) 3. sheer: a. 1. pure; nothing other than(often used in descriptions of sth. surprising, outrageous, nexplicable,etc.)完全的,十足的 2.( of fabric) very thin, light and almost transparent(织物)极薄的;透明的 3. very steep陡峭的;垂直的 e.g. It is a sheer waste of time John peered through the sheer curtain The climbers slowly inched(慢慢移动) up the sheer cliff. 4. stalemate: n. a stage of a dispute, contest, etc.(esp. chess)at which further progress is mpossible for both sides僵局;僵持 e.g. The players reached a stalemate, so a draw ( p a)was declared Negotiations have come to a stalemate Translation No 5: Quite a number of American millionaires owns at least two houses and a private plane
19 3. women should go second --- women should have the second priority (next to children who are given first priority) Translation: No.8: Many feminists object to the notion that men can’t nurture children as well as women can. Para.15-17 1. But kiddie-centrism gets you only so far. --- The explanation that women are given priority to survive just because children need them is convincing up to this point only. 2. a singles cruise --- a cruise for unmarried people cruise : n. a sea voyage for pleasure 海上航游 e.g. The Smiths took a cruise to Alaska. She has always wanted to go on a Caribbean cruise. vi. sail or move at a constant speed that is unhurried and comfortable 航游；巡航；缓 慢巡行 e.g. During your holiday, you can cruise along the Seine (塞纳河) and see the famous sights of Paris. Taxies cruised about, hoping to pick up late fares (乘客). 3. sheer : a. 1. pure; nothing other than (often used in descriptions of sth. surprising, outrageous, inexplicable, etc.) 完全的，十足的 2. (of fabric) very thin, light and almost transparent (织物)极薄的；透明的 3. very steep 陡峭的；垂直的 e.g. It is a sheer waste of time. John peered through the sheer curtain. The climbers slowly inched (慢慢移动) up the sheer cliff. 4. stalemate: n. a stage of a dispute, contest, etc. (esp. chess) at which further progress is impossible for both sides 僵局；僵持 e.g. The players reached a stalemate, so a draw (平局) was declared. Negotiations have come to a stalemate. Translation: No.5: Quite a number of American millionaires owns at least two houses and a private plane
Unit 2 Text B Unjust D Language points 1. unjust desserts ---(here)unfair ways of paying for dinner out dessert--n. sweet food served at the end of a meal, esp. fruit The phrase is coined by patterning after just deserts"in the expression get one's just deserts, which means"be punished for a wrong act 1. on a date---on an appointment with someone of the opposite sex 2. the boy in question. paid the bill with a flourish. - the boy who invited me. paid the bill in a ready manner which was easily noticed in question---being considered or referred to 3. It didn't occur to me to offer to split the bilL---I didn 't even think of saying that I would pay my half of the bill Para.2 I. Suddenly, being wined and dined was considered insulting, part of the male conspiracy to keep us in our places. ---Suddenly, feminists suggested that being taken out to dinner hurt the dignity of women and it was part of men's ill-intended scheme to keep women in the low position in society. If you say that someone should be kept in their place, you mean that they should be made aware of their unimportance and low position in society, made to show respect to those who are considered superior to them, and should be prevented from gaining any power 2. go Dutch: share expenses分摊费用 e.g. Let's go Dutch 3. If I had carried on assuming l'd be paid for If i had continued to believe that men 4. spend entire meals wondering.---keep asking myself. all the time while having meals spend the entire meals: spend the time for entire meals 5..can I still have the lobster?---. can I still order the expensive food? Lobster is rhetorically used here in place of expensive food in general 6. How fair is it of me even to offer to pay half when I know I'll be disappointed in him if he accepted?---Am I very reasonable in offering to pay half the bill even when I know that, if he accepted my offer, he's not the man I think he is and I won't love him? Para. 3 1. dating agency - an organization which introduces people with similar interests to each other esp. people who want to start personal or sexual relationship with so 2. I'll put in my share -- I'll pay my part 3. one way of signaling that you don't fancy the man - one way of showing your dislike for the man
20 Unit 2 Text B Unjust Desserts Language Points Title 1. unjust desserts --- (here) unfair ways of paying for dinner out dessert -- n. sweet food served at the end of a meal, esp. fruit The phrase is coined by patterning after “just deserts” in the expression get one's just deserts, which means “be punished for a wrong act”. Para.1 1. on a date --- on an appointment with someone of the opposite sex 2. the boy in question ... paid the bill with a flourish. --- the boy who invited me ... paid the bill in a ready manner which was easily noticed. in question --- being considered or referred to 3. It didn't occur to me to offer to split the bill. --- I didn't even think of saying that I would pay my half of the bill. Para.2 1. Suddenly, being wined and dined was considered insulting, part of the male conspiracy to keep us in our places. --- Suddenly, feminists suggested that being taken out to dinner hurt the dignity of women and it was part of men's ill-intended scheme to keep women in the low position in society. If you say that someone should be kept in their place, you mean that they should be made aware of their unimportance and low position in society, made to show respect to those who are considered superior to them, and should be prevented from gaining any power. 2. go Dutch : share expenses 分摊费用 e.g. Let's go Dutch. 3. If I had carried on assuming I'd be paid for ... --- If I had continued to believe that men should pay for women ... 4. spend entire meals wondering ... --- keep asking myself ... all the time while having meals spend the entire meals: spend the time for entire meals 5. ... can I still have the lobster? --- ... can I still order the expensive food? Lobster is rhetorically used here in place of expensive food in general. 6. How fair is it of me even to offer to pay half when I know I'll be disappointed in him if he accepted? --- Am I very reasonable in offering to pay half the bill even when I know that, if he accepted my offer, he's not the man I think he is and I won't love him? Para.3 1. dating agency --- an organization which introduces people with similar interests to each other, esp. people who want to start personal or sexual relationship with someone 2. I'll put in my share --- I'll pay my part 3. one way of signaling that you don't fancy the man --- one way of showing your dislike for the man