24 Unit 2 Political System,Education and Economy One of the largest fishing areas in the world,New Zealand's Exclu- nautical adj. sive Economic Zone extends 200 nautical miles out from the low water 海上的，航海的 mussel n. mark around New Zealand.32 There are about 100 commercially signifi- 蚌 cant species,from tropical species to cool-water species. oyster n. Green-lipped mussels,Pacific oysters and salmon are farmed for 牡垢 domestic and export markets,and trout for recreational fishing.The salmon n. 蛙鱼 most significant markets are Japan,the United States and Australia.The tro知tn. seafood industry contributes about 5%of export earnings. 鳞鱼 geothermal adj. 地热的 Energy windmill n. New Zealand is largely self-sufficient in energy.Fast-flowing riv- 风车 ers provide about four-fifths of the nation's electricity.Geothermal steam solar adj. from the volcanic area in the centre of the North Island close to Lake 太阳的，日光的 United Arab Emirate Taupo also contributes to the supply of electricity.Natural gas from 阿拉伯联合酋长国 Taranaki produces electricity and is used for heating and cooking.Re- refine v. cently windmills have begun producing electricity,especially around 提炼 Wellington,and there is increased interest in solar powered houses.Coal is mined mainly in the South Island.Crude oil is imported from Saudi Arabia,the United Arab Emirates and Indonesia,and refined in New Zealand.Some refined petrol is also imported. Overseas Trade New Zealand lives by trade.With under 4 million consumers,the domestic market is limited and industries must think globally if they are to grow and prosper.The nation's well-being depends largely on meet- ing international standards of quality and competitiveness,and doing business free of trade barriers.3 From earliest times,the land has formed the backbone of the export economy.New Zealand's temperate climate and farming methods com- bine to ensure a natural advantage in pastoral agriculture.Farming in- dustries produce more than half of New Zealand's export earnings.New Zealand keeps its competitive position by paying close attention to en- vironmental and quality standards,by promotion of its internationally recognised"clean green"image,and by industries'efforts to add value through further processing. Other natural resource industries are growing rapidly.Forestry ex- ports are based on an expanding and renewable resource of radiata pines. The fishing industry benefits from New Zealand's large territorial sea. Horticulture is renowned for pioneering development of kiwifruit and new apple varieties.The international reputation of New Zealand wine
Unit 2 Political System,Education and Economy 25 is expanding rapidly. sophisticated adj. 精密的，尖端的 New Zealand's international competitiveness in manufacturing has consultant n. been more recent.35 Manufacturing now accounts for about 25%of ex- 顾问 port income.Domestic economic reform and the CER free trade agree- bilateral adj. ment with Australia have helped New Zealand manufacturers to develop 双边的 markets for sophisticated products.Technical expertise,applied re- search and development,and a focus on quality assurance are all factors in the success of the manufacturing sector. New Zealanders'reputation for seeking creative and practical so- lutions means that they are particularly sought after as consultants." Fields include agriculture,forestry,and management and engineering. This,together with sales from the construction and computer software sectors,makes New Zealand a growing international provider of ser- vices. Tourism has been enhanced by new air links with East Asian coun- tries,contributing to a substantial increase in earnings.Over 1.5 million international visitors come to New Zealand every year. For over a century,New Zealand was dependent on a narrow range of agricultural commodities and single export market-Great Britain. With product diversification came market diversification.New Zealand now has four major markets:Australia,the European Union,Japan,and the United States.New Zealand also exports to many other markets worldwide.New Zealand's trade is becoming more regionally concen- trated with about 70%of exports going to Pacific Rim members of the APEC grouping. The government recognizes and supports New Zealand's depen- dence on trade.The development of strong international links is at the heart of its economic policy.New Zealand has a particular interest in bringing down barriers to international trade and investment.39 Bilat- eral agreements are built through direct contact with other countries, with a priority on East Asia.Regional strategy focuses on APEC,build- ing on CER with Australia,and global strategy is implemented through the World Trade Organization. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade both in Wellington and in its 46 overseas posts conducts the government'business with other governments and international organizations.The Ministry helps busi- ness by working to open foreign markets,improve international trade rules and develop international connections
26 Unit 2 Political System,Education and Economy Explanations 1,The Constitution Act1986 defines the relationship,roles of government:宪法法案1986界定了立法（议会）、 行政（政府部门）和司法（法院）三者政府职能之间的关系。 2.The Head of State is the British monarch.epresented by a Governor-Gene:英图的女王伊丽莎白二世以新 西兰女王的身份作为新西兰的国家元首，由总普担任地在新西兰的代表。in the ca即acity of:以…的身份。 3,The Governor--General's agreement is,to become拉W:议会的法莱要变成法律箭要得到总普的同意。 4.Since19s0,Parliament has had.Westminster tradition:从l950年起新西兰议会只有-一个议会，即众议院， 它遵从英国议会的传统。Westminster:威斯敏斯特，英国议会所在地，指英国议会。 5. Several of the MPs representing.from time to time:若千名代表毛利人与非毛利人口混合的督通选区的议员 也是毛利人的后裔。有毛利人血统的公民可以选择在毛利人选民成一般选民名单上登记，他们还可以不新改 变他的登记身份。 6. More than80%of eligible voters visit.but voting is nots:在具有选举资格的人当中，80%以上的人到他们选 区的投果站投票：正在旅行、生病或出留的选民可进行特殊投票。每个选民都必须登记，但投票则是自愿的。 7.For more than half¢知ry...and the Labour Part内(centre-left):半个多世纪以来，议会中的主要两党一直 是新西兰国民党《中间他右)以及工党（中间他左）。the National Party:(新两兰)母民党，成立于1931年， 政治上代表农场主和商人的利益，比较保守。the Labour Party:工党，成立于1909年，在城市和工会中受到 广泛支持。因民党和工党在政治上员有区别，担两党都支持福利国家，两党成员也经常改换党箱，可见它们 之间的分歧不很明显。 &.The parliamentary elections in1996.Proportional Representatiou:1996年的议会选举是在比例代表制（混 合成员比例代表制)下进行的第一次选华。 9. Under the MMPR,each voter has ..a polltical porty:在混合成员比例代表制度下，每个选民有两张选票，一 张是选华选区的候选人，另一一张选举政党。 10.The second vote,counted over the whole country.in Parllament:第二张选票经全国计算后决定每个政党在议 会中席位的数目。 11、MIMPR offers an opportunity for a range of parties...the party vote:混合成员比例代表制为一系列政党提供了 获得议会席位的机会，但各改党只有在选举中获得5%以上的选票才可获得议会席位。 12,Tbe Green Party:绿党。西方许多国家都有绿党。绿党政泊源于新西兰和澳大利亚。1972车世界第一个绿 党成立。在新西兰2002年的选举中9名绿党成员获得议会席位。绿党宪章的4项原刚是生态智感、社会责征、 适当决策和非暴力。 13. Government has been盘coalition of at least two parties:政府至少是由两个政党组成的联合政府。2002车选举 的新西兰政府由工党和联合党组成。首相由工党领袖担任，副首相则由联合党的领袖担任。当时绿党是联合 党成员之一。 14.In New Zealand the appointment of.polltical process:在新西兰，对公务员的任命是不受政治程序（即选举 结果》影响的。 l5.The government has also withdrawn...by the private sector:政府从某些话动中撤出，因为这些话动可以由私 有部门更有效地进行。 16.They are expected to compete,as a shareholder:他们应作为企业在公开市场上竞争，并作为股东向政府上绿 红利。 17.They are known as state-pwned enterprises(SOEs)or Crown Enterprises:它们被称为图有全业成公有全业。 Crown::皇冠，代表英国王室，表示公有的。 l8.The Ombudsman is appointed..the Official Information Act::政府特旅调查员由议会任命，负责调查人民对 政府部门和地方改府的投诉，并保证根据官方信息法案公众可以免费获取正当的官方信息
Unit 2 Political System,Education and Economy 27 19.While the powers of local authorities...known as“rates'”:虽然地方当局的权力是议会授予的，而且地方当局 权力的扩大必须由议会考意，但是地方当局通过对地产征税来集资，这种税称为土地税。 0.regional civil defence:地方民防，这是一个包括警报、防空洞、志愿者等有组织的系统，旨在保护民众以免 遭敌人的空袭、核进攻及其他灾难。 21.he Chtham Island3:南太平祥中的岛屿群，位于新西兰以东640公里。居民主要以牧羊、航海和捕鱼为生。 22. Anyone who is on the Electoral Roll,a local council::选民登记册上的任何人都可以作为候选人参加当地政府 的选举。 23.Children spend about two years,their first year in school:儿章一般上2年左右的幼儿班，幼儿班时间的长短 要看他们进步的情况以及他们什么时候人学的。 24.They then progress through Standards1to4 .Forms1and2:Standard:英国教育制度中、小学的年级。Form: 私立学校和英国教育制度中中学的年级。新西兰的教育制度承袭了英国的制度。 25,College:注意college一词的多种定义。College可以是个独立的、招收大学本科生的学院，也可以是一个综 合大学的一部分，如剑桥大学里的国王学院(King's College)、三一学院(Trinity College)等，这里则是高中。 26.In2002 the National Certificate of Educational Achievement.contribute to this Certincate:2002年，全国教 育成绩证书将取代学校证书和大学人学考试。中学的3、4、5年级考战成绩将反映在这一证书中。 27.Daily lessons in prin叱nd on tape and radio.聊here posslble:每天上课的内容，不论是书西的，还是在录音 带上和广播里的，都按照新西兰的教育大纲。教师定期访向学生，只要他们能到达那些偏远的地方。 28,Students learn through print materials,study groups and block courses:学生通过书西材料、视听音像带、电 话会议、面对西的讨论、计算机联两、工作单位的培训计划、学习小组和单元课程进行学习。bo©k:单元。 29. Every kind of animal farmed,almost every fodder plant.to local conditions:每一种句养的性畜，几乎所有的 饲料作物和所有的农作物都来自海外，在适应了当地的条件后繁衍下来的。 30. Farmers are the backbone of the economy-with tho issues affecting them:农场主是新西兰经济的骨千，媒体 和广告让大家认识到，甚至城市居民也要对影响农场主的问题有所了解。 31. Owner3 work hard一nany smaller farms.provide steady income:农场主努力地干话，许多较小的农场只有 一个人工作，他的配偶或伙伴在农场外有工作，以便有稳定的教人。spouse用于巳婚的配倒，partner可指配 偶也可指未婚但与之同居的人。 32. One of the largest fshing areas in the world,around New Zealand:作为世界上最大的渔业区之一，新西兰的 专属经济区从新西兰和它近海岛屿的低潮线向深海延伸200海里。专属经济区，是指一国独事捕鱼和开发矿 藏权的海城。新西兰专属经济区是世界第四大专属经济区，该区内有近千种丰富的鱼类，其中110县有商业 价像。 33,The nation'swel-being depends largely on,free of trade borriers:新西兰的繁荣宫裕很大程度上取决于它的 产品是否达到国际质量标准，是否具有竞争力，是否能摆脱贸易僻得自由开展业务。 34. New Zealand keeps its competitive position-through further processing:新西兰保特了它的竞争地位，办法 是通过密切注意环境和质量标准，进一步增强国际认可的“濟洁绿色”的形象以及企业在深加工中使产品增 值的努力。Further processing:进一步加工产品。例如，不出口整羊，面是将整羊切块包袭，按不同部位的不 同价格出口。 35.New Zealand's international competitiveness,more recent:新西兰制造业在国际上具有竞争力还是最近的 事。言下之意，新西兰以前没有这样的竞争能力。 36. Domestic economic reform and the CER-sophisticated products:国内的经济改革以及与澳大利亚签定的进 一步密切经济关系的协议便新西兰的制造商为其先进的产品开发了市场。CER:Closer Economic Relations,指 1983年生效的澳大利亚与新西兰关于进一步切两国之间经情关系的协议，该协议的主要条款是澳新之间的 自由贸易。该协议对新西兰的意义重大，因为谗大利亚是新西兰在教治、经情、文化、国防等方西最大的秋 伴。 37,New Zealanders'reputation for seeking...as consultants:新西兰人以追求创新和实际的解决办法西著称，这 使他们或为备受欢迎的咨询质问
28 Unit 2 Political System,Education and Economy 38.New Zealand's trade is becoming more...the APEC grouping:新西兰的贸易日益以周边地区为重点，有70% 的货物出口到亚太经合组织的沿太平洋地区的成员。Pacific Rim:环太平祥地区。AP它C:Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation,.亚太经合组织，成立于1989年，当时有12个成员国：澳大利亚、新西兰、美国、加拿大、日本、 韩国、以及6个东盟国家。现已发展到21个国家。1991年中国加人。 39.New Zealand has a particular interest,international trade and,investment:新西兰特别关心取消国际贸易和 投资中的摩碍。 Exercises I.Decide whether the following statements are true (T)or false(F): 1.New Zealand has no written constitutional document. 2.New Zealand Parliament has two chambers:the House of Lords and the House of Representatives. 3.According to New Zealand laws,no goverment enterprises can be privatised. 4.Education in New Zealand is compulsory between the ages of 7 and 18. 5.The largest school in New Zealand is the Correspondence School. 6.New Zealand has a thriving agricultural export trade._ 7.For over a century,Great Britain had been New Zealand's single export market._ 8.New Zealand has now four major markets,with the United States being the biggest one. I.Choose the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question: 1.The Head of State of New Zealand is A.the Prime Minister B.the Governor-General C.the British monarch D.the Ombudsman 2.Which of the following is NOT a function of Parliament? A.Enacting laws. B.Supervising the government's administration. C. Receiving petitions from citizens. D.Forming a government. 3.Public servants are officials working in government departments A.whose appointments are independent of political process. B.whose appointments are determined by government ministers. C.who will lose their positions when the government changes. D.who are members of the party in power. 4.The three levels of local government are_ A.regional councils,District Courts and community boards B.the High Court,District Courts and Dispute Tribunals C.regional councils,territorial authorities and community boards D.regional councils,city councils and community boards 5.Which of the following is true about the private schools in New Zealand? A.They provide distance education. B.They mainly admit students with special educational and developmental difficulties. C.They are often not co-educational. D.They mainly teach religious courses