Root System 接三 Plant ID Review izome -spreading 植物根系的结构Ro Taproot system Fibrous system tma3aaT 茎的生长形态 =9
__________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Plant ID Review __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Fibrous Root System Rhizome Stolon Soil Surface Tap Root System Structures of Grasses & Legumes • Root System – Legume: tap – Grass: fibrous • Rhizome – stem below soil – stores CHO – spreading • Stolon – stem above soil – stores CHO – spreading __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 植物根系的结构 Root __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 直根系 须根系 Taproot system Fibrous system __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 茎的生长形态Stem
茎的生长形式Stem Legume:blade,petiole,stipule LEAF PART NAMES 柔 尊 不修社 健 平臥篷 平行草 animeioclen,t解中 叶 序phyllotaxy 叶 脉 Vein 平行碳 掌我献 字生 去 复 compound leaf 叶缘1ea ￥ 海 霁 罢 二 老 器 李浆夜架 o am可
__________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 茎的生长形式 Stem __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 •Legume：blade，petiole，stipule __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 叶 脉 Vein __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 叶 序 phyllotaxy __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 复 叶 compound leaf __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 叶 缘 leaf margin
Scientific Names(学名)of Forage Plants Chapter4 Fabaceae(Leguminosae) Introduction xact spe 9e9 名大写 pithet-always lowerca 种名小写 hay,and 斜体 时意地。手推和者上相重 ample: Predominant pasture legume Legumes description Advantages of Legumes comparison to warm season grasses high in crude protein粗蛋白 n use is overseeding am nount of N fixed depends on many factors al legumes can be managed Nitrogen fixation r ules on berseem clover Fabaceae family-legumes p80aeg4}）-12.0o0
__________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Scientific Names（学名）of Forage Plants Forage species have scientific names and many common names（常用名）. Scientific names are true indicators of the exact species. • Pocaceae (Gramineae)禾本科 • Fabaceae (Leguminosae)豆科 • Genus – always capitalized属名大写 • Species epithet – always lowercase 种名小写 • Genus and epithet are italicized斜体 • Authority denoted with an abbreviation缩写 • Example: alfalfa, lucerne Medicago sativa L. __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Chapter 4 Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Introduction Legumes are • one type of forb 草本 • have superior forage quality 优质 • fix atmospheric nitrogen 固氮 N-fixing bacteria symbioctic relationship • Very important in pasture, hay, and silage 对草地、干草和青贮很重要 、干草和青贮很重要 Predominant hay(干草） legume Predominant pasture legume Alfalfa White clover __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Advantages of Legumes • High quality forage • Extend the grazing season – comparison to warm season grasses – common use is overseeding • Capable of biological nitrogen fixation – amount of N fixed depends on many factors • Many annual legumes can be managed for reseeding __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Legumes description • annual, biennial, and perennial 一年生，两年生和多年生 ，两年生和多年生 • Pods豆荚 dehisce张裂 on both sutures（缝 隙） • high in crude protein 粗蛋白 • higher digestibility消化率 than grasses by ruminants反刍动物 • higher intake吸收率 than grasses by ruminants __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Fabaceae family - legumes • 600 genera（属） – 12,000 species（种） • more narrow range of adaptation than grasses • require more management than grasses • 豆科植物共有600个属12，000 种，比禾本科适应范围窄 比禾本科适应范围窄，需要 更好的管护。 * __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Nitrogen fixation nodules on berseem clover. 固氮结节 •In legumes the Rhizobium bacterium根 瘤菌 exists within a specialised root structure called a nodule. (结 节) A legume cover crop can provide sufficient nitrogen for the cash crops that follow it.
Legume Rhizobium Team ogical Nitrogen Fixatior 豆科和根瘤菌组合 ·Rh位 odule in ne plant nodu in the uses the plant convertsf dN to accomplish N fixation orotein forage g网a平T7 Biological Nitrogen Fixation Conc Rhizobium Inoculation根瘤菌接种 must be matched with correct Rhizobium legume se d before planting. clover N 绿豆、花生、潮技子等 STRAINS OF RHIZOBIA Fixed N is first available to the available to other plants. h recycling La.S-1 㗊6 reduce N fixation. 目圈翻翻图口口 Burf6于cW稀am y
__________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Biological Nitrogen Fixation • Legume plants and Rhizobium bacteria team up to remove N from the air • Nodules form on legume roots when this system is working __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Legume + Rhizobium Team 豆科和根瘤菌组合 • Legume Plant – forms a nodule in response to Rhizobium – provides energy and protection for the bacteria in the nodule – converts fixed N to organic N and produces high protein forage • Rhizobium bacteria – infects plant – provides genetic information that allows N fixation – uses the plant energy and nodule environment to accomplish N fixation __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Rhizobium Inoculation 根瘤菌接种 • Inoculation is the process of applying a commercial culture of Rhizobium to legume seed before planting. • correct inoculant must be used for each forage legume. • Wrong Rhizobium + clover = no N fixation！ __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Biological Nitrogen Fixation Concerns • Legume species must be matched with correct Rhizobium species or strain 根瘤菌接种的专一性 苜蓿、金花菜、天蓝苜蓿、草木樨 红三叶、白三叶、杂三叶 豌豆、山黎豆、春苕子、冬苕子、蚕豆、扁豆 黄羽扇豆、白羽扇豆、蓝羽扇豆 菜豆、红花菜豆 大豆（白豆、黑豆） 豇豆、刀豆、铁扫帚、绿豆、花生、胡枝子等 紫云英 苜蓿组 三叶草组 豌豆组 羽扇豆组 菜豆组 大豆组 豇豆组 紫云英 根瘤菌组 所共生的豆科植物 preread materialForage Legume Inoculation __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University Burton, J. C. 1985 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Fixed N is first available to the legume plant and through recycling available to other plants. N fixation is regulated by the plant based on need. High soil N will reduce N fixation
7 Attention! Attention! rtilizer and green??? applying both at the same time?? 1.No inoculation 1.Not the best idea 2.Wrong inoculum(Rhizobium strain) 2.Would be fine if you need to add seed to and 3.Hot,dry conditions after planting existing stand.Don't bother with inoculum. 4.Very acid soils (pH less than 5.0) 天帽 r网w家7 Attention! Attention Preinoculated Seed?? Inoculating Forage Legume Seed be(杀为 inert clay(粘土) &.iombkmsahertwoyasotiasat 初次建植豆科收草地楼种很重委 3.Research in progress. 隔热保持细菌活性 ⑨ Biological Nitro mixtures er-ryegrass rapid yield response in ryegrass 9
__________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 What if I can’t find nodules or if my clover plants are small and light green??? 1. No inoculation 2. Wrong inoculum (Rhizobium strain) 3. Hot, dry conditions after planting 4. Very acid soils (pH less than 5.0) Attention！ __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 What about mixing inoculated clover seed with fertilizer and applying both at the same time?? 1. Not the best idea. 2. Would be fine if you need to add seed to and existing stand. Don’t bother with inoculum. 3. The inoculum cannot survive very long exposed to the chemical salts in the fertilizer. Attention！ __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Preinoculated Seed?? 1. Generally refers to seed preinoculated and then coated with lime(石灰） or an inert clay（粘土）. Fungicides（杀菌剂 ） can also be added. 2. No problems after two years of trials at Overton. 3. Research in progress. Attention！ __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Inoculating Forage Legume Seed • Be sure to use the correct inoculant 专一 • Follow package instructions 按包装说明 • Inoculants that include an adhesive（粘合 剂） are best • Inoculation is very important the first time you establish a new forage legume 初次建植豆科牧草地接种很重要 • Remember that the inoculant is carrying live bacteria. Protect from heat and sun. 隔热保持细菌活性 Attention！ __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Clover and Ryegrass Response to Nitrogen Fertilization Ryegrass 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Nitrogen (lb/ac) Yield (lb dm/ac) Clover 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Nitrogen (lb/ac) Yield (lb dm/ac) __________________________________________________________________ College of animal science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院草业科学系 Biological Nitrogen Fixation Concerns • Nitrogen fixation is regulated by the plant, based on need. – high soil N will reduce N fixation. – fertilizer N applied to clover-ryegrass mixtures • will cause rapid yield response in ryegrass • will cause only moderate yield response in total mixture (clover + ryegrass)