Displacement ----Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present real or imagined matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away pl aces a gibbon never utters a call about something he ate last year There is something special about the bee dance though. Bees communicate with other bees about the food sources they have found when they are no longer in the presence of the food. In this sense, the bee dance has a component of displacement. But this component is very insignificant. For the bees must communicate about the food immediately on returning to the hive. They do not dance about the food they discovered last month nor do they speculate about future discoveries
Displacement ----Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present: real or imagined matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. ◼ A gibbon never utters a call about something he ate last year ◼ There is something special about the bee dance though. Bees communicate with other bees about the food sources they have found when they are no longer in the presence of the food. In this sense, the bee dance has a component of displacement. But this component is very insignificant. For the bees must communicate about the food immediately on returning to the hive. They do not dance about the food they discovered last month nor do they speculate about future discoveries
Cultural transmission Language is culturally transmitted(through teaching and learning ather than by instinct) Animal call systems are genetically transmitted. All cats, gibbons and bees have systems which are almost identical to those of all other cats gibbons and bees A Chinese speaker and an English speaker are not mutually intelligible. This shows that language is culturally transmitted. That is it is pass on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning rather than by instinct The story of a wolf child, a pig child shows that a human being brought up in isolation simply does not acquire human language
Cultural transmission ----Language is culturally transmitted (through teaching and learning; rather than by instinct). ◼ Animal call systems are genetically transmitted. All cats, gibbons and bees have systems which are almost identical to those of all other cats, gibbons and bees. ◼ A Chinese speaker and an English speaker are not mutually intelligible. This shows that language is culturally transmitted. That is, it is pass on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning, rather than by instinct. ◼ The story of a wolf child, a pig child shows that a human being brought up in isolation simply does not acquire human language
Functions of language a Phatic: establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact Directive: get the hearer to do something a Informative: give information about facts Interrogative: get information from others Expressive: express feelings and attitudes of the speaker a Evocative: create certain feelings in the hearer(amuse startle, soothe, worry or please) Performative: language is used to do things, to perform actions
Functions of language ◼ Phatic: establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact. ◼ Directive: get the hearer to do something. ◼ Informative: give information about facts. ◼ Interrogative: get information from others. ◼ Expressive: express feelings and attitudes of the speaker. ◼ Evocative: create certain feelings in the hearer (amuse, startle, soothe, worry or please) ◼ Performative: language is used to do things, to perform actions
The origin of language The divine-origin theory---- Language is a gift of God to mankind The invention theory---- imitative, cries of nature, the grunts of men working together The evolutionary theory---- the result of physical and psychological development
The origin of language ◼ The divine-origin theory---- Language is a gift of God to mankind. ◼ The invention theory---- imitative, cries of nature, the grunts of men working together. ◼ The evolutionary theory---- the result of physical and psychological development
许国璋先生认为把语言定义成交际工具不够科学,至少不够严谨 他对语言的定义做了如下概括:语言是一种符号系统. 当它作用于人与人之间的关系的时候,它是表达 相互反应的中介 n当它作用于人与客观世界的关系的时候,它是认 知事物的工具: 当它作用于文化的时候,它是文化的载体
许国璋先生认为把语言定义成交际工具不够科学,至少不够严谨. 他对语言的定义做了如下概括:语言是一种符号系统. ◼ 当它作用于人与人之间的关系的时候,它是表达 相互反应的中介; ◼ 当它作用于人与客观世界的关系的时候,它是认 知事物的工具; ◼ 当它作用于文化的时候,它是文化的载体