Triple-phasecontrastscanofliverNEAterial (25s)EquilibrumPortal (60s)(120s)
6 NE Aterial (25s) Portal (60s) Equilibrum (120s) Triple-phase contrast scan of liver
(b) MRI examination methodologiesNonenhancement: MRCP, chemical shift imagingEnhancement: contrast agent (对比剂)Nonspecific agents: Gadolinium(Gd, )-based nonspecificCE (small molecule in size)Two liver-specific agents: SPIO (nanometer in size) andGd-based specific CE (small molecule in size)**USPlO(superparamagneticironoxide，超顺磁性氧化铁)1
(b) MRI examination methodologies ⚫Nonenhancement: MRCP, chemical shift imaging ⚫Enhancement: contrast agent (对比剂) ⚫ Nonspecific agents: Gadolinium(Gd, 钆)-based nonspecific CE (small molecule in size) ⚫ Two liver-specific agents: SPIO (nanometer in size) and Gd-based specific CE (small molecule in size) 7 **USPIO (superparamagnetic iron oxide, 超顺磁性氧化铁)
MRCP(MRcholangiopancreatography，磁共振胰胆管成像）MRCPhas almost completelyreplaced thegoldstandard methods ERCP（EndoscopicRetrogradeCholangiopancreatography,内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术）fortheevaluationofbileducts冠状位T2WMRCP横断位T2WERCP经内疏镜胆管造影（ERCP）指肠乳头导管于对准膜管及照总管开口注射造能2.顺管然示良好期管系统量示正常
8 MRCP has almost completely replaced the gold standard methods ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography,内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术) for the evaluation of bile ducts. MRCP(MR cholangiopancreatography, 磁共振胰胆管成像) ERCP
Chemicalshift MRlimaging (Dual-echotechniques)MEl (multi-echoimaging)isaoneofthemostcommonlyusedsequencesofchemicalshiftimaging,abletodetectthelipidcomponentsofalesionCTIn-phaseHEstainOut-phase9
9 MEI (multi-echo imaging) is a one of the most commonly used sequences of chemical shift imaging, able to detect the lipid components of a lesion. Chemical shift MRI imaging (Dual-echo techniques) CT In-phase Out-phase HE stain
MRContrast EnhancementNonspecific: Gd-basednonspecific CE (small molecule in size, extracelluaragents)Two liver-specific: USPIO (nanometer in size) and Gd-based specificCE (smallmoleculeinsize,liver-specific agents)NECEVNonspecificCESPIO (T2*WI)Gd-EOB-DTPAT2WA: arterial phaseP: portal phaseD: hepatobiliary phase
Nonspecific: Gd-based nonspecific CE (small molecule in size, extracelluar agents) Two liver-specific: USPIO (nanometer in size) and Gd-based specific CE (small molecule in size, liver-specific agents ) NE CE 10 MR Contrast Enhancement Nonspecific CE SPIO (T2*WI) Gd-EOB-DTPA A p A: arterial phase D P: portal phase D: hepatobiliary phase 图 A P T1WI T2WI