18 Part 1:The Writing Process 6. Note-Making Effective note-making is a key writing skill,with a number of practical uses. Good note-making techniques lead to accurate essays.Although you are the only person who will read your notes,darity and organisation are still important. 1.What are the main reasons for note-making? Add to the ideas below. a)to avoid plagiarism b) . 2.Effective note-makingis part ofa sequence. What comes before and after? NOTE-MAKING ess ed Sc ation at sea'.You find the follow south,vol Doyle.Read the text(ey pos) 2002).The tor make notes. STUDYING SQUID Before the Britishoccupa ion of the Falkland Islands in1833 most of the sailors who went there v ere ski which flo Lin the south Atlanti Britis he islan d to or attentio These wat rs are rich in squid,and the sale of fishing licencesfor thisharvest hasfunded erch to pe the n br the ed for had a better catch than before. en b ugh seve ing season
18 Part 1: The Writing Process 1. What are the main reasons for note-making? Add to the ideas below. a) to avoidplagiarism b) . c) . d) . 2. Effective note-making is part of a sequence. What comes before and after? 3. You are writing an essay on ‘Conservation at sea’. You find the following article in a magazine called Science South,volume 27 (2002).The authoris J. Doyle. Read the text (key points in italic) and make notes. STUDYING SQUID Before the British occupation of the Falkland Islands in 1833 most of the sailors who went there were mainly interested in collecting oil and skinsfrom the whales, seals and penguins which flourished in the South Atlantic. The British introduced sheep farming, but since this became less profitable after the 1960sthe islanders have beenforced topay more attention to the contents of the island waters. These waters are rich in squid, and the sale of fishing licences for this harvest has funded research to allow the stocks to be managed efficiently. There are two kinds of squid around the Falklands; Illex is eaten in East Asia, while Loligo is popular in Spain. The latter wasfound to breed at two periods in the year; one season is May to July and the other is October and November. This second period, which is summer in the South Atlantic, coincides with the local penguin breeding season and makes the baby squid more vulnerable. As a result, the scientists suggested that the fishing season for Loligo should be postponed for a few months to allow the stock to recover, and when this was done the fishermen found that they had a better catch than before. The other squid, Illex, was found to have a different pattern, swimming south from Brazil to the Falklands in summer, and then back north again. To deal with a species that migrates through the waters of several countries it has been necessary to set up an agreement between the governments concerned to restrict the fishing season in order to allow squid numbers to build up. 6. Note-Making Effective note-making is a key writing skill, with a number of practical uses. Good note-making techniques lead to accurate essays. Although you are the only person who will read your notes, clarity and organisation are still important. NOTE-MAKING
Reading and Note-Making 19 s reference 4.A set of notes for your essay mightlook like this: 2.9 References and Quotations 3.1 Abbreviations Source:Doyle,J.(2002)Science South 27 pp.24-28. Falkland Islands-research programme found: SQUID >a)Illex (E.Asia)-N/S migration pattern from Brazil b)Loligo(Spain)-breeds i)May-July ii)Oct-Nov suggested: a)postpone Loligo fishing(improved catch) restrict Illex fishing by int agreement 套争 0py00 5.You have been told to write anessay on 'Malaria-can it be controlled?'You decide to make notes on the followins article f n a Medical Report(Volume34 1998, .78-86.he Nemecova.Make notes on the whole text in the box below. MALARIA FIGHTS BACK Drug-resistantstrainsofmalaria,alreadyoneofthe world'smajorkillers,are steadilyspreading across the globe.The deadlystrains have established themselvesin South East Asiaand South America,and have recentlybegun tospread across india and Africa.Formerlyundercontrol in many areas,the disease now threatenstwo billionpeopleliving in more than 100countries
Reading and Note-Making 19 4. A set of notes for your essay mightlook like this: Note the use of headings, listings, abbreviations (‘N/S’) and symbols. You need to develop your own style for note-making, as you will have to read them later. Do not abbreviate too much, or you may find the notes impossible to understand in the future. 5. You have been told to write anessay on‘Malaria – can it be controlled?’ You decide to make notes on the following article from a magazine called Medical Report (Volume 34 1998, pp. 78–86). The author’s name is Irene Nemecova. Make notes on the whole text in the box below. MALARIA FIGHTSBACK Drug-resistantstrainsofmalaria,alreadyoneoftheworld’smajorkillers,are steadilyspreading acrossthe globe.The deadlystrains have established themselvesin SouthEast Asiaand South America, and have recentlybeguntospread acrossIndia and Africa. Formerlyunder control in many areas, the disease now threatenstwobillionpeopleliving in more than 100 countries. Source: Doyle, J.(2002) Science South 27 pp. 24–28. Falkland Islands – research programme found: SQUID a) Illex (E. Asia) – N/S migration pattern from Brazil b) Loligo (Spain) – breeds i) May – July ii) Oct – Nov suggested: a) postpone Loligo fishing (improved catch) b) restrict Illex fishing by int. agreement cross reference 2.9 References and Quotations 3.1 Abbreviations
20 Part 1:The Writing Process Several factors are responsible for thisdisturbinedevelopment.Spreadine world poverty has deprived nations of funds for sanitation.so that many health projectshave beenstopped,while increased movements of mierant workers and tourists have camied infections more raoidly from one country to another.At the same time,theoveruse of drugs,especially antibiotics,hasled to the establishmentof resistant strains of diseases. As well as this,hopesthat genetic engineersmightsoon develop the world'sfirst malaria 1SQU2E1S AqARu22a p9uonsanban053u9 surface and trick its way past the body's defences.We'd need a remarkable vaccine to cope with that.However,a malariavaccine isnow undergoing human trialsand may be available for use if proved successful.' .on history' nic Dis plshed in 1993.Underlime the re One of the greatest explosionsin modern history occurred in 1815,when an Indonesian volcano called Mt.Tambora blew up.The eruption involved about 100 cubic kilometresof material being blown into thesky,with huge lossoflife both on landand sea.Large quantitie ofvolcanic dust wereejectedintothe atmosphere,and this dust graduallyspread around the world,causing alarming events on the other side of the world. In New England in northeastern USAfarmers were hit bybitterly cold weatherinJune and luly 1816 Much ofthe harvest waslost due to repeated wavesoffrost and snowin the middle of summer.The same pattern wasrecordedin Europe,where agriculture was still suffering the effects ofthe Napoleonic Wars.In France wheat prices reached their highest point of the centuryin 1817. profited fron As European demand for food rose.prices doubledin America.Although somepror into the u lored lands to the west Num a rmont,for example,increased by 100%between 1816-17
20 Part 1: The Writing Process Estimatessuggest that there are now more than350millioncasesofmalaria ayear– a totalfour timesthe level ofthe early1970s. InAfrica alone the disease killsonemillionchildreneachyear. Several factors are responsible for thisdisturbingdevelopment. Spreading world poverty has deprived nations offundsforsanitation,so that manyhealthprojectshave beenstopped,while increased movements of migrant workers and tourists have carried infections more rapidly from one country to another.At the same time,the overuse of drugs, especially antibiotics, hasled to the establishment of resistant strains of diseases. As well as this, hopes that genetic engineers might soon develop the world’s first malaria vaccine, a long-sought goal, have beenquestioned recentlyby severalscientists. ‘There are so many strains of malaria parasite,’ said one scientist, ‘and each is able to alter its chemical surface and trick its way past the body’s defences. We’d need a remarkable vaccine to cope with that. However, amalariavaccine isnow undergoing humantrialsand may be available for use if proved successful.’ 6. You are preparing to write an essay on ‘The impact of climate on history’. The text below is taken from page 221 of a book called Volcanic Disasters byE.B. Pitnam, published in 1993.Underline the relevant points and make notes. One of the greatest explosions in modern history occurred in 1815, when an Indonesian volcano called Mt. Tambora blew up. The eruption involved about 100 cubic kilometres of material being blown intothe sky,withhuge loss oflife both onlandand sea. Large quantities of volcanic dust were ejectedintothe atmosphere, and this dust gradually spreadaround the world, causing alarming events on the other side of the world. In New England in northeastern USA farmers were hit bybitterly coldweatherinJune and July 1816. Much ofthe harvest waslost due to repeated waves of frost and snow in the middle ofsummer. The same patternwasrecordedinEurope,where agriculture wasstill suffering the effects oftheNapoleonicWars. InFrance wheatpricesreachedtheir highest point of the century in 1817. As European demand for food rose, prices doubledinAmerica.Although some profitedfrom the shortage s, others were driven to emigrate into the unexplored lands to the west. Numbers leaving Vermont, for example, increased by 100% between 1816–17
Reading and Note-Making 21 7 Paraphrasing et as of ac ina g 1.Although paraphrasing techniques are usedin summary writing Ppe5eRe8 oes not aim to shorten thelength ofa text,merelyto For example, Evidence of a lost civilisation has been found off the coast of China. could be paraphrased: Remains of an ancient society have been discoveredn cross referen 2.11 Synomyms oaerntngy different from the wording ofths aningat all. Read the text below and then decide which is the best paraphrase,(a) or (b). Ancient Egypt collapsed in about 2180 BC.Studiesconducted ofthe mudfro n the River Nile showed that thistime the which feed the Nile suffered fror The sudden years ago was proba b)Research into depositsof the Egyptian Nile indicate that a longdry period in the mountains at the river'ssource mayhave led to a lackof water for irrigation around 2180BC,which was when the collapse of Egyptian society began. 3.Techniques. a)Changing vocabulary: studies>research society civilisation mud>deposits b)Changing word class: Egypt (n.)>Egyptian (adj.) mountainous regions(adj.+n.)>in the mountains(n.) c)Changing word order: Ancient Egypt collapsed>the collapse of Egyptian society began 4.Find synonyms for the words in italic. a)Sleep scientistshave found thattraditionalremediesfor insomnia,suchascountine sheep,are ineffective. Example sleep researchers have found that established cures for insomnia,for instance counting sheep. do not work
Reading and Note-Making 21 1. Although paraphrasing techniques are used in summary writing, paraphrasing does not aimtoshorten thelength of a text, merelyto restate the text. For example, Evidence of a lost civilisation has been found off the coast of China. could be paraphrased: Remains of an ancient society have been discovered in the sea near China. 2. A good paraphrase is significantly different from the wording of the original, without altering the meaning at all. Read the text below and then decide which is the best paraphrase, (a) or (b). Ancient Egypt collapsed inabout 2180BC. Studiesconducted ofthemudfrom the River Nile showed that at this time the mountaino u s regions which feed the Nile suffered from a prolonged drought. This would have had a devastatin g effect on the ability of Egyptian society to feed itself. a) The sudden ending of Egyptian civilisation over 4,000 years ago was probably caused b y ch an ge s in th e we athe r in the re gi on to the so uth. With o ut the re gul ar rive r flo odin g there would not have been enough food. b) Research into deposits of the Egyptian Nile indicate that a long dry period in the mountains at the river’ssource mayhave ledtoa lackof waterfor irrigation around 2180BC, which was when the collapse of Egyptian society began. 3. Techniques. a) Changing vocabulary: studies > research society > civilisation mud > deposits b) Changing word class: Egypt (n.) > Egyptian (adj.) mountainous regions (adj. + n.) > in the mountains (n.) c) Changing word order: Ancient Egypt collapsed > the collapse of Egyptian society began 4. Find synonyms for the words in italic. a) Sleep scientists have found thattraditionalremediesfor insomnia, suchas counting sheep, are ineffective. Example: Sleep researchers have found that established cures for insomnia, for instance counting sheep, do not work. 7. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing involves changing a text so that it is quite dissimilar to the source yet retains all the meaning. This skill is useful in several areas of academic work, but this unit focuses on using paraphrasing in note-making and summary writing. Effective paraphrasing is vital in academic writing to avoid the risk of plagiarism. cross reference 2.11 Synonyms
201404%702 281404970246.33 The insom nia One oup vas asked to dream a egroups.Ih group ept groups for thei counting. b)Instead,they havefour quickly. c)The resea d)One group was told to imag 5.Change the word class ofthe words in italic,a a)Athird group was given no specialinstructionsab s apparent that Example: obviously._- ncheng You b)H28940497025623 14041702.51:46 c)M eople suffered from severe insomnia is The cost of insomnia for the.may be 6.Cham "ne tenth.About one in ten people iffer from severe insomnia. a)Thirty-five billion is the cost of Exan Thirty-f the Amer an due to the sufferingo peoole are thought to suffer from sel 7.Combine all these techniques to paraphrase the paragraph as fully as possible slepscientistshavefoundthtrsditionalremedesiorinomia,suchascountinghep,are ,theyhave fo nd tha asant scene is kely tosendyou to sleep quickly.The research team divided 50 insomnia sufferers into three groups.One group imagined watching a waterfall,while another group tried sheep counting A third group was given no special instructions about goingto sleep.Itwas found thatthegroupthinking of waterfalls fell aeep 20 minutes quicker.Mechanical tasks like counting sheep are apparently too boring to make peoplesleepy.There are many practical applicationsfor research into nsomnia.About one in ten people are thoueht to suffer from severe insomnia itis calculated that the cost ofinsomnia for r the Am rica economy may be $35 billion a year. 8.Use the same techniques to paraphrase the following text. Before the last centurynohumans had visitedAntarctica,and a winter population of less than 200 people.However,arecent report from a New Zealand government agency outlines the scale of the pollution problem in the ice and snow.Although untouched compared withother regions in the world,the bittercold ofAntarctica meansthat the normal process of decay is prevented.Asa result some research stations are surrounded by the rubbish of nearly 60 years'operations. Despite popular belief,the polar continentisreallya desert,withless precipitation than the Sahara.In the past,snowfall slowly covered the waste left behind,like beer cansor dead ponies,but now,possibly due to global warming,the ice is thinning and these are being exposed.Over 10 vears ago the countries usingAntarctica agreeda treatyon waste disposal under which everything isto be taken home,and this isslowly improving the situation. ever,the do not want everything removed.The ditions
2222 Part Part 1: The Writing 1: The Writing Process Process 5. Change the word classofthe wordsin italic,andthen re-write thesentences. a) A third group was given no special instructions about going to sleep. Example: A third group was not specially instructed about going to sleep. b) It was found that the group thinking of waterfallsfell asleep20 minutes quicker. c) Mechanical taskslike counting sheep are apparentlytoo boring to make people sleepy. 6. Change the word order of the following sentences. a) There are many practical applications to research into insomnia. Example: Research into insomnia has many practical applications. b) About one in ten people are thought to suffer from severe insomnia. c) It is calculatedthat the costofinsomniafortheAmerican economy maybe $35 billiona year. 7. Combine allthese techniquestoparaphrase theparagraph asfullyas possible. Sleepscientistshave foundthattraditionalremediesforinsomnia,suchascountingsheep, are ineffective. Instead, theyhave foundthat imagining a pleasant scene islikely tosendyou to sleep quickly. The research team divided 50 insomnia sufferers into three groups. One group imagined watching a waterfall, while another group tried sheep counting. A third group was given no special instructions about goingto sleep.Itwasfound thatthe groupthinking of waterfalls fell asleep 20 minutes quicker. Mechanical tasks like counting sheep are appare ntly too boring to make peoplesleepy.There aremany practical applicationsfor research into insomnia. About one in ten people are thought to suffer from severe insomnia. It is calculated that the cost ofinsomnia for the American economy may be $35 billion a year. 8. Use the same techniques to paraphrase the following text. Before the last centurynohumans had visitedAntarctica, and eventodaythe vast continent has a winter population of less than 200 people. However, a recent report from a New Zealand government agency outlinesthe scale ofthe pollutionproblem in the ice and snow.Although untouched compared withother regionsin theworld,the bitter cold ofAntarctica meansthat the normal process of decay is prevented.As a result some research stations are surrounded by the rubbish of nearly 60 years’ operations. Despite popular belief,the polar continentisreallya desert,withless precipitationthanthe Sahara. In the past, snowfall slowly covered the waste left behind, like beer cans or dead ponies, but now, possibly due to global warming, the ice is thinning and these are being exposed. Over 10 years ago the countries usingAntarctica agreeda treatyon waste disposal, under which everything isto be taken home, and thisisslowly improving the situation. However, the scientists do not want everythin g removed. The remains of very early expeditions atthe beginning ofthe twentiethcenturyhave acquiredhistorical value andwill be preserved. b) Instead, they have found thatimagining a pleasant scene islikely to send youto sleep quickly. c) The research team divided 50 insomnia sufferers into three groups. d) One group wastold to imagine a waterfall, while anothergrouptried sheepcounting. Yancheng You 2014-04-17 02:35:39 - Instead, they have noticed that thinking aboutsomething enjoyable is likely to quicken your sleep process. Yancheng You 2014-04-17 02:39:50 - The insomnia suffers are classified into threegroups. The scientists set up three groups for the ***. Yancheng You 2014-04-17 02:46:33 - One group was asked to dream a waterfall, whileanother group kept sheep counting. Yancheng You 2014-04-17 02:47:52 - The finding is that . Yancheng You 2014-04-17 02:50:10 - It is apparent that . Obviously, . definitely, absolutely, Yancheng You 2014-04-17 02:51:46 - People suffered from severe insomnia is aroundone tenth. About one in ten people suffer from severe insomnia. Yancheng You 2014-04-17 02:55:23 - The cost of insomnia for the.may be $35 bilona year. Thirty-five billion is the cost of . Thirty-five billion of the American economy iscaused due to the suffering of insomnia