Reading and Note-Making 13 d The Adver rds Authority ful.The containedintheBrtihcodeofAdvertisngTacicegCbIWel nts inthe UK.and that advice is fr preetnobIehsanengecodeIlsaoawhnatisandisnotaceptabiein advertisements,except for those on TV and radio. 3.Register Compare the tone,or register,of the following: a)These apparent failures often result from inadequate planning and management, especially the lack ofintegration of biophysical and socio-economicinformationinto the effort.The lack ofintegrationofinformationis.in fact.a limitation that has been emphasisedbymany authorsworking withagricultural andland useplanninginrecent years(see,for instance,Vaughan et al.,1995;and Chidley and Brook,1997). Itwasroutine-anordinary minoroperation-exceptfor asingle extraordinary point esa os that,for the first time,a transatlantic operation had c)Leeislation identifies the minimum space of 11 m'that should be alocated to each nerson and should he adhered toesperially ifmuch of the room is taken un with essential furniture.Equally,themaximumheight ofaroomisnowacceptedfor such calculations as three metres.For example,in a room 5 mx 4 m x 3 m(high)this would provide initial space for five persons. The first extrac mple of acader like apparent ten,as cademic vocabulary (biophysical,soc pts to interest the ent ng the e om amatic way (a single point).Theimportance of the news item is st ssed by the malism often uses current idioms like real time. The last extract uses a very formal tone,suitable for a semi-legal text Verbs such as identifies,adhered to and allocated.the use of passives (b allocated),and special vocabulary (persons instead of the more normal people)are typical of this register. 4.Although it can be acceptable to use articles from newspapers, 2.10Style magazines and the internet,which are often more accessible and upto 3.6 Fommality in Verbs date,in academic work students need to be aware that thesesources a8awiso0zde地ateateialwmitentorawder
Reading and Note-Making 13 c) The Advertising Standards Authority makes sure that advertising is legal, decent, honest and truthful. The Authority safeguardsthe public byensuring that the rules contained in the British Code of Advertising Practice are followed byeveryone who prepares and publishes advertisementsintheUK,and that advice isfreelyavailable to prevent problems arising. The Code lays down what is and is not acceptable in advertisements, except for those on TV and radio. 3. Register. Compare the tone, or register, of the following: a) These apparent failures often result from inadequate planning and management, especially the lack ofintegrationof biophysical and socio-economic informationinto the effort. The lack ofintegrationof informationis, in fact,a limitationthat has been emphasisedbymany authorsworking withagricultural andlanduse planninginrecent years (see, for instance, Vaughan et al., 1995; and Chidley and Brook, 1997). b) It wasroutine – anordinary minor operation– exceptfor a single extraordinary point. The patientwasonan operatingtable inMilan.The doctorswere inWashington,nearly 6,000 kilometresaway.The newsthat, forthe first time, a transatlantic operation had been carried out with a robot doctor in one continent copying the real-time hand movements of a live doctor in another, introduces a new medical age. c) Legislation identifies the minimum space of 11 m 3 that should be allocated to each person and should be adhered to especially if much of the room is taken up with essential furniture. Equally,themaximumheight ofa roomis nowacceptedfor such calculations as three metres. For example, in a room 5 m x 4 m x 3 m (high)this would provide initial space for five persons. The first extract is an example of academic register, used, for instance, in dissertations and academic journals. This typically uses cautious language like apparent and often, as well as academic vocabulary (biophysical, socioeconomic), and will generally include references. The second passage is journalistic. The first part attempts to interest the reader by presenting the story in a simple but dramatic way (a single extraordinary point). The importance of the news item is stressed by the claim a new medical age. Journalism often uses current idioms like real time. The last extract uses a very formal tone, suitabl e for a semi-l egal text. Verbs such as identifies, adhered to and allocated, the use of passives (be allocated), and special vocabulary (personsinstead of the more normal people) are typical of this register. 4. Although it can be acceptable to use articles from newspapers, magazines and the internet, which are often more accessible and up to date, in academic work students need to be aware that these sources may have less credibility, and that material written for a wider readership tends to be less detailed. Students need to be especially careful of taking journalistic phrases and using them in formal essays. cross reference 2.10 Style 3.6 Formality in Verbs
14 Part 1:The Writing Process 5.Read the following texts and analyse the registerineach case,bygiving examples of the language used. a)Wherever possible complaints shouldbe handled at a localleveland without recourse to unduly formal therefore essential that allstaffwho have contact with students are aware of the relevant procedures and are empowered to resolve issues asthey arise.Staff dealing withcomplaintsare encouraged,wheneverpractical, to meet with the complainant.Face-to-face discussions are often very helpful to establish the precise cause of dissatisfaction.to explore the remedy sought by the complainant and to foster a mutual understanding of the issues. b)Studiesofchildhoodimaginarycompanionshave notyieldedclearinteractionswitha and creativity.It could be suggested that the common assumption of imaginary companions being mainly a preschool phenomenon may have encouraged studiesto use very young children as participants.In theirreview oftheliterature,Pearson and Mayer(199)concluded that the experience ofimaginary companions peaked in children aged between 2.5 and 3.5 years. c)Amazing recent research by David Storeyof WarwickUniversityshows that businesses started byolder peoplelast onger than those startedby youngerentrepreneurs.He discovered that 70%offirms started by 50-55-year-oldssurvived for overthree years, but only30%for those of the 20-25 age group.As the numbers of od folk are increasing rapidly,such'grey entrepreneurs'are likely tobecome more common.But what's the secret of their remarkable success rate? Tex Register Examples
14 Part 1: The Writing Process 5. Read the following texts andanalyse the registerineach case, bygiving examples of the language used. a) Wherever possible complaintsshouldbe handledat a local level andwithoutrecourse to unduly formal proceedings. Itistherefore essential that allstaff who have contact with students are aware of the relevant procedures and are empowered to resolve issues asthey arise. Staff dealing withcomplaintsare encouraged,wheneverpractical, to meet with the complainant. Face-to-face discussions are often very helpful to establish the precise cause of dissatisfaction, to explore the remedy sought by the complainant and to foster a mutual understanding of the issues. b) Studiesofchildhoodimaginarycompanionshave not yieldedclearinteractionswithage and creativity. It could be suggested that the common assumption of imaginary companions being mainly a preschool phenomenonmay have encouraged studiesto use very young children as participants. In theirreview ofthe literature, Pearson and Mayer (1998) concluded that the experience of imaginary companions peaked in children aged between 2.5 and 3.5 years. c) Amazing recent research byDavid Storeyof WarwickUniversityshowsthat businesses started by older people last longer than those startedby youngerentrepreneurs. He discovered that 70% of firmsstartedby 50–55-year-oldssurvivedfor overthree years, but only 30% for those of the 20–25 age group. As the numbers of old folk are increasing rapidly, such‘grey entrepreneurs’ are likely tobecomemore common.But what’s the secret of their remarkable success rate? Text Register Examples a b c
Reading and Note-Making 1s 5. Selecting Key Points After selecting and understanding the most relevant texts,the next step is make note of the texts tha relate t Units 5-8 process, which involves a number of inter-linked skills I cross reterence 1.The first stage of note-making is to identify the key points in the textfor 1.6 Note-Making your purpose. Study the following example (key points in italic). WHY WOMEN LIVE LONGER Despite the overallincrease in life expectancy in Britain overthe past century,women still live significantly longer than men.In fact,in 1900 men could expectto liveto 49 and womento 52 a difference of three years,whilenow thefigures are 74 and79,which shows that the gap has increased to five years.Variousreasons have been suggested for this situation,such as the possibility that men may die ea lier because they ta more nisks.But a team of Britis scientists have recently found a likely ansv in the mmu ich pro ody .I e thymus is the n producesthe 55e 09 of the thym ey age appear to have more T cells in their bo s th an men oft eve,th Having sel cted these sections of the text,you can then go on to make notes from them: British women live longer than men:79/74 reasons?new research suggests immune system thymus T cells women have more T cellsthan men better protection 2.Read the following and then choose a suitable title that expresses the key point. TMLE:. Dean Kamen isa50-yearold American eccentric whoisasamulti-millionaire.He aways wears blue denim shirts and jeans,evenwh siting his friend,the president,in the Whi mes to w rk by helicopter,which he also uses for siting his privat coast of Connectic pumptha ents.ine r this and otherorginal med 3.In the following text,three key points are in italic.Decide on their order of importance. HOT RUBBISH a)The majority ofpeoplein thesmall Derbyshire village of Pooksbrook havejoineda scheme to make power from rubbish.b)Methane gas will be collected from the local rubbish tip and willbe used to heat houses more cheaply andgenerate electricity.The villagers.who have been affected by the closure of the local coal mines.suffer from
Reading and Note-Making 15 1. The first stage of note-making is to identify the key points in the text for your purpose. Study the following example (key points in italic). WHY WOMEN LIVE LONGER Despite the overall increase in life expectancy inBritain overthe past century,women still live significantly longer than men.In fact, in 1900 men could expectto live to 49 and womento 52, a difference ofthree years, while now the figures are 74 and 79, which showsthat the gap has increased to five years. Various reasons have been suggested for this situation, such as the possibility that men may die earlier because they take more risks. But a team of British scientists have recently found a likely answer in the immune system, which protectsthe body from diseases. The thymus is the organ which produces the T cells which actually combat illnesses. Although both sexes suffer from deterioration of the thymus as they age, women appear to have more T cellsin their bodiesthan men ofthe same age. It isthis, the scientists believe, that gives women betterprotection from potentially fatal diseasessuch asinfluenza and pneumonia. Having selected these sections of the text, you can then go on to make notes from them: British women live longer than men: 79/74 reasons? new research suggests immune system > thymus > T cells women have more T cells than men = better protection 2. Read the following andthenchoose asuitable title that expresses the key point. TITLE: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dean Kamen is a 50-year-old American eccentric who is also a multi-millionaire. He always wears blue denim shirts and jeans, evenwhen visiting hisfriend,the president, in theWhite House. He fliesto work by helicopter, which he also usesfor visiting his private island offthe coast of Connecticut. As an undergraduate Kamen developedthe first pumpthat would give regular doses ofmedicine to patients.The patentfor this andotheroriginal medical inventions has produced a huge income, allowing him to run his own research company which, among many other projects, has producedthe iBot,the world’sfirst wheelchairwhich can climbstairs. 3. In the following text,three key points are in italic. Decide ontheir order of importance. HOT RUBBISH a) The majority of people in the smallDerbyshire village of Poolsbrook have joined a scheme to make power from rubbish. b)Methane gas will be collected from the local rubbish tip and will be used to heat houses more cheaply andgenerate electricity. The villagers, who have been affected by the closure ofthe local coal mines, suffer from 5. Selecting Key Points After selecting and understanding the most relevant texts, the next step is usually to make notes on the sections of the texts that relate to your topic. Units 5–8 practise this process, which involves a number of inter-linked skills. cross reference 1.6 Note-Making
16 Part 1:The Writing Process unemployment,so cheapheatingisespeciallyimportant forthem.Theyhave raisedthef2 million cost from development agencies.c)The new system.which will be the first of its kind in Europe,will lead toa healthier environment by autting COemissions,and should also create three full-time iobs. 2). 3) 4.Underline four key points in the following text. THE SIXTH WAVE? Lord May,the president ofthe Royal Society,has claimed that the world is facing a wave of extinctions similar tothe five mass extinctions of past ages.He calculates that the current rate ofextinction isbetween 100 and1,000tmes faster than thehistorical average.The causeo previousextinctions,suchas the one whichkilled thedinosaurs,is uncertain,but was probably an external event such as collision with a comet However the presentsituationiscaused byhuman consumption ofplants,whichhas resulted inasteadyincrease in agriculture andaconsequentreductionin habitat foranimals.Although many people are still hungry,food production hasincreased by10%since 1965 Lord May also pointed out that it make accurate estimatesasnobody knew how many species ofanimals lived on the planet.So far 1.5 million species had been named, but the true figure might be as high as100 million.Our ignorance of this made it almost impossible to work out the actual rate of extinction.However,the use ofintelligent guesses suggests that losses over the past century were comparable with periods,evidence ofwhich is found in the fossil record. 5.When preparingto write anes say you may be concerned with only one exext soyour key points shouldrelate only tothe topicyouare waRa器eao盒eo -art or to your essay. BOTTLED WATER UNDER ATTACK The Water Companies Association(WCA)has claimed that bottled watercosts700 timesmore than tap water,but is often ofinferior quality.The chiefexecutive ofthe WCApointedoutthat thou botted water advertising often asciated the product with por and heath there was no truth in this link.The reality,she said,was that the packaging of bottled water was environmentally damaging since millionsofempty bottles had to be disposed of in rubbish tips.2%of samples of bottled water failed a purity test conducted bythe Drinking Water Inspectorate,whileonly0.3%oftap watersamplesfailedthesametest.Labelson bottledwate
16 Part 1: The Writing Process unemployment, so cheapheatingisespeciallyimportantforthem. Theyhave raisedthe£2 million cost from development agencies. c)The new system, which will be the first of its kind in Europe, will lead toa healthier environment by cutting CO2 emissions, and should also create three full-time jobs. 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Underline four key points in the following text. THE SIXTH WAVE? Lord May, the president of the Royal Society, has claimed that the world is facing a wave of extinctionssimilar tothe fivemass extinctions of past ages. He calculatesthatthe current rate of extinction is between 100 and 1,000 timesfaster than the historical average. The cause of previous extinctions, suchasthe one whichkilled the dinosaurs, is uncertain,butwas probably an external event such as collision with a comet. However the presentsituationiscaused byhuman consumption ofplants, whichhasresulted inasteadyincrease inagriculture andaconsequentreductioninhabitatforanimals.Although many people are still hungry, food production hasincreased by 100% since 1965. Lord May also pointed out that it was verydifficultto make accurate estimatesas nobody knew how many species of animalslived on the planet. So far 1.5 million species had been named, but the true figure might be as high as 100 million. Our ignorance of this made it almost impossible to work out the actual rate of extinction. However, the use of intelligent guesses suggests that losses over the past century were comparable with the extinctions of earlier periods, evidence of which is found in the fossil record. 5. When preparing to write an essay you may be concerned with only one aspect of a text, so your key points should relate only to the topic you are examining. a) You are preparing to write an essay on ‘Marketing – art or science?’ Read the text below and underline the sections relevant to your essay. BOTTLED WATER UNDER ATTACK The Water Companies Association (WCA) has claimed that bottled water costs 700 times more than tap water, butis often ofinferiorquality. The chief executive oftheWCA pointedoutthat although bottled water advertisin g often associate d the product with sport and health there was no truth in this link. The reality, she said, was that the packaging of bottled water was environmentally damaging, since millions of empty bottles had to be disposed of in rubbish tips. 2% of samples of bottled water failed a purity test conducted by the Drinking Water Inspectorate, while only0.3% oftap watersamplesfailedthe same test. Labelsonbottledwater
Reading and Note-Making 17 often referred to'springand'natural water,which were meaningless phrases.Inaddition, bottled water was imported from as far as Korea and Kenya,which was a waste of resources These criticisms,however,wererejectedby DrinksAssociation,which argued that bottled water wasa successful business founded ongivingthe customerschoice,quality and convenience. b)You are preparing an essay on The application of DNA research to the development of vaccines'.Read the text and underline the relevant sections. NEW LIGHTON THE PLAGUE The plague,which first struck Europe in the sixth century,wasone of the great disasters of history.In the fourteenth century it became the Black Death,when it may have killed one third of the entire population.The microbe that causesthedisease liveson rats,and is passed on to humans by the bite ofaflea.It still survives today,though outbreaks are less deadly:theworld ,.believe that the microbe was originally astomch infection,but evolved into amore lethal disease about 1,500 years ago. Now the genetic code ofthe plague bacterium has been'read'byscientists;a total of465 million'lettersof DNA They believe thatthiswillhelpinthedevelopment ofvaccinesfor the plague,one ofwhich has begun clinical trials.In partsofAfrica drug-resistant strains ofthe disease have evolved,which givesaddedimportancetothework,as doesthe threat thatthe plague might be used as an agent of bacteriological warfare
Reading and Note-Making 17 often referred to ‘spring’ and ‘natural water’,whichweremeaningless phrases. In addition, bottled water wasimported from asfar as Korea and Kenya, which was a waste ofresources. These criticisms, however,were rejectedby the British Soft Drinks Association, which argued that bottled water was a successful businessfounded ongiving the customers choice,quality and convenience. b) You are preparing an essay on ‘The application of DNA research to the development of vaccines’. Read the text and underline the relevant sections. NEW LIGHT ON THE PLAGUE The plague, which first struck Europe in the sixth century, was one of the great disasters of history. In the fourteenth century it became the Black Death, when it may have killed one third of the entire population. The microbe that causesthe disease liveson rats, and is passed on to humans by the bite of aflea.Itstillsurvivestoday,though outbreaks are less deadly: theWorld Health Organisatio n receives reports of 3,000 cases annually. Scientists believe that the microbe was originally a stomac h infection, but evolved into a more lethal disease about 1,500 years ago. Now the genetic code ofthe plague bacterium has been‘read’ byscientists; a total of 465 million‘letters’ofDNA.They believe thatthiswill helpinthedevelopment ofvaccinesfor the plague, one of which has begun clinical trials. In parts of Africa drug-resistant strains ofthe disease have evolved, whichgives addedimportance tothework, as doesthe threat that the plague might be used as an agent of bacteriological warfare