THIRD∈DITION FIB∈R- REINFORC∈D COMPOSITES Materials,Manufacturing, and Design P.K.Mallick Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Michigan-Dearborn Dearborn,Michigan CRC CRC Press Taylor Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor Francis Group,an informa business 2007 by Taylor Francis Group.LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Boca Raton London New York FIBERREINFORCED COMPOSITES Materials, Manufacturing, and Design P.K. Mallick Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Michigan-Dearborn Dearborn, Michigan THIRD EDITION 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents Preface to the Third Edition Author Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Definition 1.2 General Characteristics 1.3 Applications 1.3.1 Aircraft and Military Applications 1.3.2 Space Applications 1.3.3 Automotive Applications 1.3.4 Sporting Goods Applications 1.3.5 Marine Applications 1.3.6 Infrastructure 1.4 Material Selection Process References Problems Chapter 2 Materials 2.1 Fibers 2.1.1 Glass Fibers 2.1.2 Carbon Fibers 2.1.3 Aramid Fibers 2.1.4 Extended Chain Polyethylene Fibers 2.1.5 Natural Fibers 2.1.6 Boron Fibers 2.1.7 Ceramic Fibers 2.2 Matrix 2.2.1 Polymer Matrix 2.2.1.1 Thermoplastic and Thermoset Polymers 2.2.1.2 Unique Characteristics of Polymeric Solids 2.2.1.3 Creep and Stress Relaxation 2.2.1.4 Heat Deflection Temperature 2.2.1.5 Selection of Matrix:Thermosets vs.Thermoplastics 2007 by Taylor Francis Group.LLC
Contents Preface to the Third Edition Author Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Definition 1.2 General Characteristics 1.3 Applications 1.3.1 Aircraft and Military Applications 1.3.2 Space Applications 1.3.3 Automotive Applications 1.3.4 Sporting Goods Applications 1.3.5 Marine Applications 1.3.6 Infrastructure 1.4 Material Selection Process References Problems Chapter 2 Materials 2.1 Fibers 2.1.1 Glass Fibers 2.1.2 Carbon Fibers 2.1.3 Aramid Fibers 2.1.4 Extended Chain Polyethylene Fibers 2.1.5 Natural Fibers 2.1.6 Boron Fibers 2.1.7 Ceramic Fibers 2.2 Matrix 2.2.1 Polymer Matrix 2.2.1.1 Thermoplastic and Thermoset Polymers 2.2.1.2 Unique Characteristics of Polymeric Solids 2.2.1.3 Creep and Stress Relaxation 2.2.1.4 Heat Deflection Temperature 2.2.1.5 Selection of Matrix: Thermosets vs. Thermoplastics 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
2.2.2 Metal Matrix 2.2.3 Ceramic Matrix 2.3 Thermoset Matrix 2.3.1 Epoxy 2.3.2 Polyester 2.3.3 Vinyl Ester 2.3.4 Bismaleimides and Other Thermoset Polyimides 2.3.5 Cyanate Ester 2.4 Thermoplastic Matrix 2.4.1 Polyether Ether Ketone 2.4.2 Polyphenylene Sulfide 2.4.3 Polysulfone 2.4.4 Thermoplastic Polyimides 2.5 Fiber Surface Treatments 2.5.1 Glass Fibers 2.5.2 Carbon Fibers 2.5.3 Kevlar Fibers 2.6 Fillers and Other Additives 2.7 Incorporation of Fibers into Matrix 2.7.1 Prepregs 2.7.2 Sheet-Molding Compounds 2.7.3 Incorporation of Fibers into Thermoplastic Resins 2.8 Fiber Content,Density,and Void Content 2.9 Fiber Architecture References Problems Chapter 3 Mechanics 3.1 Fiber-Matrix Interactions in a Unidirectional Lamina 3.1.1 Longitudinal Tensile Loading 3.1.1.1 Unidirectional Continuous Fibers 3.1.1.2 Unidirectional Discontinuous Fibers 3.1.1.3 Microfailure Modes in Longitudinal Tension 3.1.2 Transverse Tensile Loading 3.1.3 Longitudinal Compressive Loading 3.1.4 Transverse Compressive Loading 3.2 Characteristics of a Fiber-Reinforced Lamina 3.2.1 Fundamentals 3.2.1.1 Coordinate Axes 3.2.1.2 Notations 3.2.1.3 Stress and Strain Transformations in a Thin Lamina under Plane Stress 3.2.1.4 Isotropic,Anisotropic,and Orthotropic Materials 2007 by Taylor Francis Group,LLC
2.2.2 Metal Matrix 2.2.3 Ceramic Matrix 2.3 Thermoset Matrix 2.3.1 Epoxy 2.3.2 Polyester 2.3.3 Vinyl Ester 2.3.4 Bismaleimides and Other Thermoset Polyimides 2.3.5 Cyanate Ester 2.4 Thermoplastic Matrix 2.4.1 Polyether Ether Ketone 2.4.2 Polyphenylene Sulfide 2.4.3 Polysulfone 2.4.4 Thermoplastic Polyimides 2.5 Fiber Surface Treatments 2.5.1 Glass Fibers 2.5.2 Carbon Fibers 2.5.3 Kevlar Fibers 2.6 Fillers and Other Additives 2.7 Incorporation of Fibers into Matrix 2.7.1 Prepregs 2.7.2 Sheet-Molding Compounds 2.7.3 Incorporation of Fibers into Thermoplastic Resins 2.8 Fiber Content, Density, and Void Content 2.9 Fiber Architecture References Problems Chapter 3 Mechanics 3.1 Fiber–Matrix Interactions in a Unidirectional Lamina 3.1.1 Longitudinal Tensile Loading 3.1.1.1 Unidirectional Continuous Fibers 3.1.1.2 Unidirectional Discontinuous Fibers 3.1.1.3 Microfailure Modes in Longitudinal Tension 3.1.2 Transverse Tensile Loading 3.1.3 Longitudinal Compressive Loading 3.1.4 Transverse Compressive Loading 3.2 Characteristics of a Fiber-Reinforced Lamina 3.2.1 Fundamentals 3.2.1.1 Coordinate Axes 3.2.1.2 Notations 3.2.1.3 Stress and Strain Transformations in a Thin Lamina under Plane Stress 3.2.1.4 Isotropic, Anisotropic, and Orthotropic Materials 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3.2.2 Elastic Properties of a Lamina 3.2.2.1 Unidirectional Continuous Fiber 0 Lamina 3.2.2.2 Unidirectional Continuous Fiber Angle-Ply Lamina 3.2.2.3 Unidirectional Discontinuous Fiber 0 Lamina 3.2.2.4 Randomly Oriented Discontinuous Fiber Lamina 3.2.3 Coefficients of Linear Thermal Expansion 3.2.4 Stress-Strain Relationships for a Thin Lamina 3.2.4.1 Isotropic Lamina 3.2.4.2 Orthotropic Lamina 3.2.5 Compliance and Stiffness Matrices 3.2.5.1 Isotropic Lamina 3.2.5.2 Specially Orthotropic Lamina (=0 or 90) 3.2.5.3 General Orthotropic Lamina(0 or 90) 3.3 Laminated Structure 3.3.1 From Lamina to Laminate 3.3.2 Lamination Theory 3.3.2.1 Assumptions 3.3.2.2 Laminate Strains 3.3.2.3 Laminate Forces and Moments 3.3.2.4 Elements in Stiffness Matrices 3.3.2.5 Midplane Strains and Curvatures 3.3.2.6 Lamina Strains and Stresses Due to Applied Loads 3.3.2.7 Thermal Strains and Stresses 3.4 Interlaminar Stresses References Problems Chapter 4 Performance 4.1 Static Mechanical Properties 4.1.1 Tensile Properties 4.1.1.1 Test Method and Analysis 4.1.1.2 Unidirectional Laminates 4.1.1.3 Cross-Ply Laminates 4.1.1.4 Multidirectional Laminates 4.1.1.5 Woven Fabric Laminates 4.1.1.6 Sheet-Molding Compounds 4.1.1.7 Interply Hybrid Laminates 4.1.2 Compressive Properties 4.1.3 Flexural Properties 4.1.4 In-Plane Shear Properties 4.1.5 Interlaminar Shear Strength 2007 by Taylor Francis Group.LLC
3.2.2 Elastic Properties of a Lamina 3.2.2.1 Unidirectional Continuous Fiber 08 Lamina 3.2.2.2 Unidirectional Continuous Fiber Angle-Ply Lamina 3.2.2.3 Unidirectional Discontinuous Fiber 08 Lamina 3.2.2.4 Randomly Oriented Discontinuous Fiber Lamina 3.2.3 Coefficients of Linear Thermal Expansion 3.2.4 Stress–Strain Relationships for a Thin Lamina 3.2.4.1 Isotropic Lamina 3.2.4.2 Orthotropic Lamina 3.2.5 Compliance and Stiffness Matrices 3.2.5.1 Isotropic Lamina 3.2.5.2 Specially Orthotropic Lamina (u ¼ 08 or 908) 3.2.5.3 General Orthotropic Lamina (u 6¼ 08 or 908) 3.3 Laminated Structure 3.3.1 From Lamina to Laminate 3.3.2 Lamination Theory 3.3.2.1 Assumptions 3.3.2.2 Laminate Strains 3.3.2.3 Laminate Forces and Moments 3.3.2.4 Elements in Stiffness Matrices 3.3.2.5 Midplane Strains and Curvatures 3.3.2.6 Lamina Strains and Stresses Due to Applied Loads 3.3.2.7 Thermal Strains and Stresses 3.4 Interlaminar Stresses References Problems Chapter 4 Performance 4.1 Static Mechanical Properties 4.1.1 Tensile Properties 4.1.1.1 Test Method and Analysis 4.1.1.2 Unidirectional Laminates 4.1.1.3 Cross-Ply Laminates 4.1.1.4 Multidirectional Laminates 4.1.1.5 Woven Fabric Laminates 4.1.1.6 Sheet-Molding Compounds 4.1.1.7 Interply Hybrid Laminates 4.1.2 Compressive Properties 4.1.3 Flexural Properties 4.1.4 In-Plane Shear Properties 4.1.5 Interlaminar Shear Strength 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
4.2 Fatigue Properties 4.2.1 Fatigue Test Methods 4.2.2 Fatigue Performance 4.2.2.1 Tension-Tension Fatigue 4.2.2.2 Flexural Fatigue 4.2.2.3 Interlaminar Shear Fatigue 4.2.2.4 Torsional Fatigue 4.2.2.5 Compressive Fatigue 4.2.3 Variables in Fatigue Performance 4.2.3.1 Effect of Material Variables 4.2.3.2 Effect of Mean Stress 4.2.3.3 Effect of Frequency 4.2.3.4 Effect of Notches 4.2.4 Fatigue Damage Mechanisms in Tension- Tension Fatigue Tests 4.2.4.1 Continuous Fiber 0 Laminates 4.2.4.2 Cross-Ply and Other Multidirectional Continuous Fiber Laminates 4.2.4.3 SMC-R Laminates 4.2.5 Fatigue Damage and Its Consequences 4.2.6 Postfatigue Residual Strength 4.3 Impact Properties 4.3.1 Charpy,Izod,and Drop-Weight Impact Test 4.3.2 Fracture Initiation and Propagation Energies 4.3.3 Material Parameters 4.3.4 Low-Energy Impact Tests 4.3.5 Residual Strength After Impact 4.3.6 Compression-After-Impact Test 4.4 Other Properties 4.4.1 Pin-Bearing Strength 4.4.2 Damping Properties 4.4.3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 4.4.4 Thermal Conductivity 4.5 Environmental Effects 4.5.1 Elevated Temperature 4.5.2 Moisture 4.5.2.1 Moisture Concentration 4.5.2.2 Physical Effects of Moisture Absorption 4.5.2.3 Changes in Performance Due to Moisture and Temperature 4.6 Long-Term Properties 4.6.1 Creep 4.6.1.1 Creep Data 2007 by Taylor Francis Group,LLC
4.2 Fatigue Properties 4.2.1 Fatigue Test Methods 4.2.2 Fatigue Performance 4.2.2.1 Tension–Tension Fatigue 4.2.2.2 Flexural Fatigue 4.2.2.3 Interlaminar Shear Fatigue 4.2.2.4 Torsional Fatigue 4.2.2.5 Compressive Fatigue 4.2.3 Variables in Fatigue Performance 4.2.3.1 Effect of Material Variables 4.2.3.2 Effect of Mean Stress 4.2.3.3 Effect of Frequency 4.2.3.4 Effect of Notches 4.2.4 Fatigue Damage Mechanisms in Tension– Tension Fatigue Tests 4.2.4.1 Continuous Fiber 08 Laminates 4.2.4.2 Cross-Ply and Other Multidirectional Continuous Fiber Laminates 4.2.4.3 SMC-R Laminates 4.2.5 Fatigue Damage and Its Consequences 4.2.6 Postfatigue Residual Strength 4.3 Impact Properties 4.3.1 Charpy, Izod, and Drop-Weight Impact Test 4.3.2 Fracture Initiation and Propagation Energies 4.3.3 Material Parameters 4.3.4 Low-Energy Impact Tests 4.3.5 Residual Strength After Impact 4.3.6 Compression-After-Impact Test 4.4 Other Properties 4.4.1 Pin-Bearing Strength 4.4.2 Damping Properties 4.4.3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 4.4.4 Thermal Conductivity 4.5 Environmental Effects 4.5.1 Elevated Temperature 4.5.2 Moisture 4.5.2.1 Moisture Concentration 4.5.2.2 Physical Effects of Moisture Absorption 4.5.2.3 Changes in Performance Due to Moisture and Temperature 4.6 Long-Term Properties 4.6.1 Creep 4.6.1.1 Creep Data 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC