traditionally tended to adopt general rules, beliefs, creeds, theories, and ideas without thoroughly questioning their valid and to retain them long after they have been shown to be meaningless, false, or at least questionable. The most assumptions are the least questioned. 72) Most often, when an idea is adopted, particular attention is given to cases that assert it, while cases that seem to refute it are distorted, belittled, or ignored. We feel deeply that it is a sign of weakness to change our minds. " 73)Competent scientists. however, must be expert at changing their minds. This is because science seeks not to defend our beliefs but to improve them. Better theories are made by those who are not hung up on prevailing Away from their profession, scientists are inherently no more honest or ethical than other people. But in their profession they work in an arena that puts a high premium on honesty. The cardinal rule in science is that all claims must be testable they must be capable, at least in principle, of being proved wrong. 74) For example. if someone claims that a certain procedure has a certain result, it must in principle be possible to perform a procedure that will either confirm or contradict e claim. If confirmed, then the claim is regarded as useful and a steppingstone to further knowledge. None of us has the time or energy or resources to test every claim, so most of the time we must take somebody's word. However, we must have some criterion for deciding whether one person,s word is as good as anothers and whether one claim is as good as another. The criterion, again, is that the claim must be testable. To reduce the likelihood of error, scientists accept the word only of those whose ideas, theories, and findings are testable if not in practice then at least in principle. Speculations that cannot be tested are regarded as"unscientific " This has the long-run effect of compelling honest findings widely ublicized among fellow scientists are generally subjected to further testing. 75)Sooner or later, mistakes(and lies)are bound to be found out: wishful thinking is bound to be exposed. The honesty so important to the progress of science thus becomes a matter of self-interest to scientists Passage 8 s civilization proceeds in the direction of technology, it passes the point of supplying all the basic essentials of life-food, shelter, clothes, and warmth. 71)Then we are faced with a choice between using technology to provide and fulfil needs which have hitherto been regarded as unnecessary or. on the other hand. using technology to reduce the number of hours of work which a man must do in order to earn a given standard of living. In other words, we either raise ou standard of living above that necessary for comfort and happiness or we leave it at this level and work shorter hours. I shall take it as axiomatic(=assumed to be true without proof) that mankind has, by that time, chosen the latter alternative Mer will be working shorter and shorter hours in their paid employment. It follows that the housewife will also expect to be able to have more leisure in her life without lowering her standard of living. It also follows that human domestic servants will have completely ceased to exist. 72)Yet the great maiority of the housewives will wish to be relieved completely from the routine operations of the home such as scrubbing the floors or the bath or the cooker. or washing the clothes or The most logical step to relieve the housewife of routine is to provide a robot slave which can be trained to the requirements of a particular home and can be programmed to carry out half a dozen or more standard operations(for example, scrubbing, sweeping and dusting, washing up, laying tables, making beds), when so switched by the housewife 73) It will be a machine having no more emotions than a car, but having a memory for instructions and a limited degree of instructed or built-in adaptability according to the positions in which it finds various types of objects. It will operate other more specialized machines, for example, the vacuum cleaner or clothes-washing machine 74) There are no problems in the production of such a domestic robot to which we do not have already the glimmering of a solution
11 traditionally tended to adopt general rules, beliefs, creeds, theories, and ideas without thoroughly questioning their validity and to retain them long after they have been shown to be meaningless, false, or at least questionable. The most widespread assumptions are the least questioned. 72) Most often, when an idea is adopted, particular attention is given to cases that assert it, while cases that seem to refute it are distorted, belittled, or ignored. We feel deeply that it is a sign of weakness to "change our minds." 73) Competent scientists, however, must be expert at changing their minds. This is because science seeks not to defend our beliefs but to improve them. Better theories are made by those who are not hung up on prevailing ones. Away from their profession, scientists are inherently no more honest or ethical than other people. But in their profession they work in an arena that puts a high premium on honesty. The cardinal rule in science is that all claims must be testable they must be capable, at least in principle, of being proved wrong. 74) For example, if someone claims that a certain procedure has a certain result, it must in principle be possible to perform a procedure that will either confirm or contradict the claim. If confirmed, then the claim is regarded as useful and a steppingstone to further knowledge. None of us has the time or energy or resources to test every claim, so most of the time we must take somebody's word. However, we must have some criterion for deciding whether one person's word is as good as another's and whether one claim is as good as another. The criterion, again, is that the claim must be testable. To reduce the likelihood of error, scientists accept the word only of those whose ideas, theories, and findings are testable — if not in practice then at least in principle. Speculations that cannot be tested are regarded as "unscientific." This has the long-run effect of compelling honest findings widely publicized among fellow scientists are generally subjected to further testing. 75) Sooner or later, mistakes (and lies) are bound to be found out; wishful thinking is bound to be exposed. The honesty so important to the progress of science thus becomes a matter of self-interest to scientists. Passage 8 As civilization proceeds in the direction of technology, it passes the point of supplying all the basic essentials of life-food, shelter, clothes, and warmth. 71) Then we are faced with a choice between using technology to provide and fulfil needs which have hitherto been regarded as unnecessary or, on the other hand, using technology to reduce the number of hours of work which a man must do in order to earn a given standard of living. In other words, we either raise our standard of living above that necessary for comfort and happiness or we leave it at this level and work shorter hours. I shall take it as axiomatic (=assumed to be true without proof) that mankind has, by that time, chosen the latter alternative. Men will be working shorter and shorter hours in their paid employment. It follows that the housewife will also expect to be able to have more leisure in her life without lowering her standard of living. It also follows that human domestic servants will have completely ceased to exist. 72) Yet the great majority of the housewives will wish to be relieved completely from the routine operations of the home such as scrubbing the floors or the bath or the cooker, or washing the clothes or washing up, or dusting or sweeping, or making beds. The most logical step to relieve the housewife of routine is to provide a robot slave which can be trained to the requirements of a particular home and can be programmed to carry out half a dozen or more standard operations (for example, scrubbing, sweeping and dusting, washing up, laying tables, making beds), when so switched by the housewife. 73) It will be a machine having no more emotions than a car, but having a memory for instructions and a limited degree of instructed or built-in adaptability according to the positions in which it finds various types of objects. It will operate other more specialized machines, for example, the vacuum cleaner or clothes-washing machine. 74) There are no problems in the production of such a domestic robot to which we do not have already the glimmering of a solution
When I have discussed this kind of device with housewives, some 90 per cent of them have the immediate reaction How soon can I buy one? The other 10 per cent have the reaction, ' I would be terrified to have it moving about my house but when one explains to them that it could be switched off or unplugged or stopped without the slightest difficulty, or made to go and put itself away in a cupboard at any time, they quickly realize that it is a highly desirable object. In my own home we have found that, at first, the washing-up machine was regarded as a rival to the worker at the kitchen sink, but now there is no greater pleasure than to go to bed in the evening and know that the washing up is being done downstairs after one asleep. 75)Some families would be delighted, no doubt to have the robot slave doing all the downstairs housework after they were in bed at night. while others would prefer to have it done in the mornings, but this would be entirely a matter of choice Passage 9 71)The amazing success of man as a species is the result of the evolutionary development of his brain which has ed, among other things to tool-using, tool-making. the ability to solve problems by logical reasoning. thoughtful cooperation, and language. One of the most striking ways in which the chimpanzee biologically resembles man lies in the structure of his brain. The chimpanzee, with his capacity for primitive reasoning, exhibits a type of intelligence more like that of man than does any other mammal living today 2)The brain of the modern chimpanzee is probably not too dissimilar to the brain that so many millions of years ago directed the behavior of the first ape man. For a long time, the fact that prehistoric man made tools was considered to be one of the major criteria distinguishing him from other creatures. As I pointed out earlier, I have watched chimpanzees modify grass stems in order to use them to probe for termites 73)It is true that the chimpanzee does not fashion his tools to"a regular and set pattern" -but then, prehistoric man, before his development of stone tools, undoubtedly poked around with sticks and straws. at which stage it seems unlikely that he made tools to a set pattern, either. 74)It is because of the close association in most people's minds of tools with man that special attention has always been focused upon any animal able to use an obiect as a tool; but it is important to realize that this ability. on its own. does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerned. The fact that the Galapagos woodpecker finch uses a cactus spine or twig to probe insects from crevices in the bark is indeed a fascinating phenomenon, but it does not make the bird more intelligent than a genuine woodpecker that uses its long beak and tougue for the same purpose 75)The point at which tool-using and tool-making. as such, acquire evolutionary significance is surely when an animal can adapt its ability to manipulate obiects to a wide variety of purposes. and when it can use an object spontaneously to solve a brandnew problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble. At the gombe Stream alone we have seen chimpanzees use objects for many different purposes. They use stems and sticks to capture and eat insects, and, if the material picked is not suitable, then it is modified. They use leaves to sop up water they cannot reach with their lips, and first they chew on the leaves and thus increase their absorbency. We have seen them use handfuls of leaves to wipe dirt from their bodies or to dab at wound The most important development will be the interconnection of"intelligent"items and computers. The whole network will offer far more in terms of saving labour than the mere elements alone. Whatever you want will be there when you want It For example, if you wanted to cook a meal for friends, one of whom was a vegetarian, you could ask your oven 12
12 When I have discussed this kind of device with housewives, some 90 per cent of them have the immediate reaction,' How soon can I buy one?' The other 10 per cent have the reaction,' I would be terrified to have it moving about my house' — but when one explains to them that it could be switched off or unplugged or stopped without the slightest difficulty, or made to go and put itself away in a cupboard at any time, they quickly realize that it is a highly desirable object. In my own home we have found that, at first, the washing-up machine was regarded as a rival to the worker at the kitchen sink, but now there is no greater pleasure than to go to bed in the evening and know that the washing up is being done downstairs after one is asleep. 75) Some families would be delighted, no doubt, to have the robot slave doing all the downstairs housework after they were in bed at night, while others would prefer to have it done in the mornings, but this would be entirely a matter of choice. Passage 9 71)The amazing success of man as a species is the result of the evolutionary development of his brain which has led, among other things, to tool-using, tool-making, the ability to solve problems by logical reasoning, thoughtful cooperation, and language. One of the most striking ways in which the chimpanzee biologically resembles man lies in the structure of his brain. The chimpanzee, with his capacity for primitive reasoning, exhibits a type of intelligence more like that of man than does any other mammal living today. 72)The brain of the modern chimpanzee is probably not too dissimilar to the brain that so many millions of years ago directed the behavior of the first ape man. For a long time, the fact that prehistoric man made tools was considered to be one of the major criteria distinguishing him from other creatures. As I pointed out earlier, I have watched chimpanzees modify grass stems in order to use them to probe for termites. 73)It is true that the chimpanzee does not fashion his tools to "a regular and set pattern''-but then, prehistoric man, before his development of stone tools, undoubtedly poked around with sticks and straws, at which stage it seems unlikely that he made tools to a set pattern, either. 74) It is because of the close association in most people's minds of tools with man that special attention has always been focused upon any animal able to use an object as a tool; but it is important to realize that this ability, on its own, does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerned. The fact that the Galapagos woodpecker finch uses a cactus spine or twig to probe insects from crevices in the bark is indeed a fascinating phenomenon, but it does not make the bird more intelligent than a genuine woodpecker that uses its long beak and tougue for the same purpose. 75) The point at which tool-using and tool-making, as such, acquire evolutionary significance is surely when an animal can adapt its ability to manipulate objects to a wide variety of purposes, and when it can use an object spontaneously to solve a brandnew problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble. At the Gombe Stream alone we have seen chimpanzees use objects for many different purposes. They use stems and sticks to capture and eat insects, and, if the material picked is not suitable, then it is modified. They use leaves to sop up water they cannot reach with their lips, and first they chew on the leaves and thus increase their absorbency. We have seen them use handfuls of leaves to wipe dirt from their bodies or to dab at wounds. Passage 10 The most important development will be the interconnection of "intelligent" items and computers. The whole network will offer far more in terms of saving labour than the mere elements alone. Whatever you want will be there when you want it. For example, if you wanted to cook a meal for friends, one of whom was a vegetarian, you could ask your oven
for ideas. 71)It might suggest several recipes using the ingredients your fridge and cupboards had told it they contained which would be acceptable to all your guests while avoiding ingredients that you, the host. did not like. It could then cook This would probably mean more time to sit motionless in front of the television. Unless people chose to lead more active lives, there would be national epidemics of obesity-related conditions such as diabetes, cardio-vascular disease and ypertension In the last two centuries, the average height has increased by 18in. 72)We are now in the middle of another great shift but it's outwards and not upwards. because we fill our spare time with sedentary behaviour such as watching television. The problem posed by labour-saving devices is how to spend the saved time. While most people would sit in their homes, some white-collar workers might fill the time by working harder The result could be a divided society. By 2050 we re going to have a small number of hard-working rich and a vast majority of idle poor. 73)The social changes labour-saving devices will bring could also strain personal relationships, lead to unemployment and spark an anti-technology backlash. 74)We could become an impersonal society, preoccupied with technology, but there are going to be lots of people with low-paid jobs who won' t be liberated by it at all However, mankind will rise to the challenge. We should not underestimate the amazing adaptability of human beings, 75)"If you are worried about getting too little exercise, someone would be happy to build a physical exercise machine so that you could burn calories while you sat at your desk. For the entrepreneurial capitalist the message is clear: invest in health clubs 第三部分2003年和2001年英译汉评分标准 2003年全国硕土研究生入学统一考试 英语试卷评分执行细则 、英译汉 评分标准说明 1.如果句子译文扭曲原文意思,该句得分最多不得超过0.5分。 2.如果某考生给出两种或两种以上的译法,若均正确,给分:若其中一种译法错误,不给分。 3.汉语错别字,不个别扣分,按整篇累计扣分。在不影响意思的前提下,满三个错别字扣0.5分 各句的分数段划分如下: 61. Furthermore. humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live. thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fanc (1)、(2)、(3)、(4)、各0.5分 答案:而且,人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境,从而让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象 可接受的译法 不可接受的译法
13 for ideas. 71) It might suggest several recipes using the ingredients your fridge and cupboards had told it they contained which would be acceptable to all your guests while avoiding ingredients that you, the host, did not like. It could then cook it. This would probably mean more time to sit motionless in front of the television. Unless people chose to lead more active lives, there would be national epidemics of obesity-related conditions such as diabetes, cardio-vascular disease and hypertension. In the last two centuries, the average height has increased by 18in. 72) We are now in the middle of another great shift, but it's outwards and not upwards, because we fill our spare time with sedentary behaviour such as watching television. The problem posed by labour-saving devices is how to spend the saved time. While most people would sit in their homes, some white-collar workers might fill the time by working harder. The result could be a divided society. By 2050 we' re going to have a small number of hard-working rich and a vast majority of idle poor. 73)The social changes labour-saving devices will bring could also strain personal relationships, lead to unemployment and spark an anti-technology backlash. 74)We could become an impersonal society, preoccupied with technology, but there are going to be lots of people with low-paid jobs who won' t be liberated by it at all. However, mankind will rise to the challenge. We should not underestimate the amazing adaptability of human beings, 75) "If you are worried about getting too little exercise, someone would be happy to build a physical exercise machine so that you could burn calories while you sat at your desk." For the entrepreneurial capitalist the message is clear: invest in health clubs. 第三部分 2003 年和 2001 年英译汉评分标准 2003 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 英语试卷评分执行细则 一、英译汉 评分标准说明 1．如果句子译文扭曲原文意思，该句得分最多不得超过 0.5 分。 2．如果某考生给出两种或两种以上的译法，若均正确，给分：若其中一种译法错误，不给分。 3．汉语错别字,不个别扣分,按整篇累计扣分。在不影响意思的前提下，满三个错别字扣 0.5 分 各句的分数段划分如下： 61. Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, (1) (2) thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. (3) (4) （1）、（2）、（3）、（4）、各 0.5 分 答案：而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。 可接受的译法 不可接受的译法
(1)● furthermore: ●进而;确切地说;不久的将来 另外;并且;更进一步来说;甚至 不仅如此;此外 ● modify:改善;改进;改造 ●美化;去适应;影响,看清;控制;调适 (2) subject…to ●依据……制定 使……服从于 其它……形成了… 使……承受… 将……都纳入 使……都符合 以……反抗… 使……按照……来改变 将……转变成……思想和想象力 按照……将……进行改造 随着……支持 根据……追求其它生活方式 希望……形成 ● other life forms ●其它的生活方式;其它生活模式 其它生命形式,其它生命形态;其它 形式的生命 整句示例 1.另外,人类具有调适生活的能力,这样,易于反对所有其他的生命形式进入他们自己奇怪的思想和幻想中 2.并且,人类具有能力改变适应他们的环境,其它的生命形式也适应人类的愿望和爱好。(0.5分) 3.更进一步说,人们有改变他们所生活的环境的能力,这使得人们随着他们的想法和爱好来安排其他所有的生 活方式。(1分) 4.不仅如此,人类还有改造他们所处的环境的能力,这就是以人类自身所特有的观念和喜好来改造其他所有生 命形式。(1.5分) 5.而且,人类还有改造他他们所居住的环境的能力,这样,使其他的生命都服从于他们特有的思维和想法。(2 62. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and endeavors in he same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena 答案:社会科学是知识探索的一个分支,它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样,用理性的、有序的、系统的和 冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。 可接受的译法 不可接受的译法 (1)● intellectual智力;智能 智慧、能力 uiry探究;探寻 ●査询、需求、发展、科学、活动、获取、 成果、学科、体系 ●美化;去适应;影响,看清;控制;调适 注:没有译出 intellectual enquiry的意思,包 括只译出其中一词的,均扣0.5分。 (2)●seks试图;致力于;寻求 ●寻找 ● endeavors努力;活动 ●耐力;尝试;工作;行动 ● study研究 ●学习
14 （１）●furthermore： 另外；并且；更进一步来说；甚至； 不仅如此；此外； ●modify：改善；改进；改造 ●进而；确切地说；不久的将来 ●美化；去适应；影响，看清；控制；调适 （２）subject…to… 使……服从于…… 使……承受…… 使……都符合…… 使……按照……来改变 按照……将……进行改造 使……与……致…… 使……适应…… ●other life forms 其它生命形式，其它生命形态；其它 形式的生命 ●依据……制定…… 其它……形成了…… 将……都纳入…… 以……反抗…… 将……转变成……思想和想象力 随着……支持…… 根据……追求其它生活方式； 希望……形成 ●其它的生活方式；其它生活模式 整句示例： 1．另外，人类具有调适生活的能力，这样，易于反对所有其他的生命形式进入他们自己奇怪的思想和幻想中。 2．并且，人类具有能力改变适应他们的环境，其它的生命形式也适应人类的愿望和爱好。（0．5 分） 3．更进一步说，人们有改变他们所生活的环境的能力，这使得人们随着他们的想法和爱好来安排其他所有的生 活方式。（1 分） 4．不仅如此，人类还有改造他们所处的环境的能力，这就是以人类自身所特有的观念和喜好来改造其他所有生 命形式。（1.5 分） 5．而且，人类还有改造他他们所居住的环境的能力，这样，使其他的生命都服从于他们特有的思维和想法。（2 分） 62. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and (1) (3) endeavors in he same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural (3) (4) scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. 答案：社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样,用理性的、有序的、系统的和 冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。 可接受的译法 不可接受的译法 （1）●intellectual 智力；智能 ●enquiry 探究；探寻 ●智慧、能力 ●查询、需求、发展、科学、活动、获取、 成果、学科、体系 ●美化；去适应；影响，看清；控制；调适 注：没有译出 intellectual enquiry 的意思，包 括只译出其中一词的，均扣 0.5 分。 （2）●seeks 试图；致力于；寻求 ●endeavors 努力；活动 ●study 研究 ●寻找 ●耐力；尝试；工作；行动 ●学习
(3)● reasoned推理的 ●原因的;理由的;合理的:理智的 ● orderly 序列的 ● dispassioned ●无激情的;缺乏激情的:消极的;感情的 不带感情(色彩)的;理性的;客观· systematic 不受情绪影响的 ● manner方法 可接受的译法 不可接受的译法 (1)That natural scientists. phenomena 自然科学家(用同样的方式) 研究自然现象 (这也是)自然科学家研究自然 现象(的方式) (同)自然科学家研究自然现象的 方式(一样) (和)自然科学家研究自然现象(相 同) 注:没译出该节与第三小节的“ in the same. manner."的关系,扣0.5分。 整句示例 1.社会科学是能力发展的一个分支,它需要研究人类和同样条件下自己的规律。系统学和使用自然物理用于自 然科学家。(0分) 2.社会科学是智力发展的一个分支,它通过使用自然科学家学习自然规律的方法,即原因,秩序,系统以及其 方法,去学习人类及其生存。(0.5分) 3.社会科学是智能获取的一个分支,它试图用推测,顺序,体系并感性的方式研究人类及其活动,而这种方式 也是自然科学家用以研究自然现象的。(1分) 4.社会科学是知识探究的一个分支,它致力于研究人类及其行为。和自然科学家研究自然现象一样,它运用同 样原因、规则、系统和缺乏激情的方法去研究人类和他们的行为。(1.5分) 5.社会科学是知识探寻一门学科。同自然科学家研究自然现象的方式一样,它用理性的,有序的,系统的和客 观的方式去研究人类及其行为。(2分) 03. The emphasis on data gathered first-hand. combined with a cross-cultural perpective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. (1)、(2)、(3)、(4)各0.5分 答案:强调收集第一手资料,加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角,使得这一研究成为一门独特并 且非常重要的社会科学。 可接受的译法 不可接受的译法 (1)● emphasis ●重点在;重点在于;重点是 注重:重视:对于……的 重视/强调; emphasis ●第一手收集; Odata gathered fust-hand 用第一手的资料 第一手数据的采集 收集到的第一手资料 第二手数据的收集
15 （3）●reasoned 推理的 ●orderly ●dispassioned 不带感情（色彩）的；理性的；客观 的；不受情绪影响的 ●manner 方法 ●原因的；理由的；合理的；理智的； ●序列的 ●无激情的；缺乏激情的；消极的；感情的 ●systematic 可接受的译法 不可接受的译法 （1）●that natural scientists...phenomena. 自然科学家（用同样的方式） 研究自然现象； （这也是）自然科学家研究自然 现象（的方式）； （同）自然科学家研究自然现象的 方式（一样）； （和）自然科学家研究自然现象（相 同） 注：没译出该节与第三小节的“ in the same...manner..."的关系，扣 0.5 分。 整句示例： 1．社会科学是能力发展的一个分支，它需要研究人类和同样条件下自己的规律。系统学和使用自然物理用于自 然科学家。（0 分） 2．社会科学是智力发展的一个分支，它通过使用自然科学家学习自然规律的方法，即原因，秩序，系统以及其 方法，去学习人类及其生存。（0.5 分） 3．社会科学是智能获取的一个分支，它试图用推测，顺序，体系并感性的方式研究人类及其活动，而这种方式 也是自然科学家用以研究自然现象的。（1 分） 4．社会科学是知识探究的一个分支，它致力于研究人类及其行为。和自然科学家研究自然现象一样，它运用同 样原因、规则、系统和缺乏激情的方法去研究人类和他们的行为。 （1.5 分） 5．社会科学是知识探寻一门学科。同自然科学家研究自然现象的方式一样，它用理性的，有序的，系统的和客 观的方式去研究人类及其行为。（2 分） 63．The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural (1) (2) perpective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a (3) unique and distinctly important social science. (4) (1)、(2)、(3)、(4)各 0.5 分 答案：强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并 且非常重要的社会科学。 可接受的译法 不可接受的译法 （1）●emphasis 注重：重视；对于……的 重视/强调；emphasis ●data gathered fust-hand: 第一手数据的采集； 第二手数据的收集； ●重点在；重点在于；重点是 ●第一手收集； 用第一手的资料； 收集到的第一手资料