膝的解释：物理模型ModelAuthor(s)SourcelAccelerationAcceleration in SNRBerezhko and Ksenofontov [18]Acceleration in SNR +radio galaxiesStanev et al. [19]Kobayakawa et al. [20]AccelerationbyobliqueshocksAcceleration in variety of SNRSveshnikova [21]Single source modelErlykin and Wolfendale [22]Reacceleration in the galactic windVolk and Zirakashvili [23]Plaga [24]Cannonball modelPropagation/Leakagefrom Galaxy:Swordy [25]Minimum pathlength modelLagutin et al. [26]Anomalous diffusion modelHall diffusion modelPtuskin et al. [27],Kalmykovand Pavlov [42]Diffusion in turbulent magnetic fieldsOgioand Kakimoto [28]Diffusion and driftRoulet et al [29]Interactionswithbackground particlesTkaczyk [30]Diffusion model+photo-disintegrationInteraction with neutrinos in galactic haloDova et al. [3]Photo-disintegration (optical and UV photons)Candia et al. [32]New interactions in theatmosphereKazanas and Nicolaidis [33,34]Gravitons, SUSY,technicolorAt present,the experimental results do notallowtoselectasingleapproachasthebestmodeltodescribenature.Theorigin of thekneentheall-particle energy spectrum is not yet explainedHoerandel (2004), APhHowever,withinthe boundaries givenbytheexperiments,accelerationin supernova remnantsand diffusive propagation through the Galaxyseem to be very attractive modelsto understandthe origin of the knee
Hoerandel (2004), APh 膝的解释：物理模型
正负电子观测数据100OKOMCAPRICECAPRICESHEATSanrikuHEATOPAMFLHEssloNenerFermi-LA752-100三EPINPM00O100100010000E (Gev)E (GeV)正电子比例：在几GeV以上存在明显超出电子+正电子：几十GeV处有变硬的行为，TeV左右变软，和传统背景预期相比存在超出；ATIC观测到峰状结构，Fermi结果比较平滑
正负电子观测数据 正电子比例：在几GeV以上存在明显超出 电子＋正电子：几十GeV处有变硬的行为，TeV左右变软，和传统背景 预期相比存在超出；ATIC观测到峰状结构，Fermi结果比较平滑
调整的背景模型能否解释观测数据？1000bkgB+soft electronssoftbkgHXATB+95+a00AMSCAPRICEHEATAPPRESanrikuATIC(-ata)/4aHESSESSlowenergyAOOEPINRFem-LAtO100MS98手MINprop-600MVMEDprop种MAXprop生10LO1OC101001000100001TOA Pomutron energy[Cev]E(GeV)gamma=3.54Delahaye et al., 2009A&A, 501, 821PAMELA对纯电子能谱测量：gamma=3.33+/-0.04
调整的背景模型能否解释观测数据？ Delahaye et al., 2009, A&A, 501, 821 gamma=3.54 PAMELA对纯电子能谱测量： gamma=3.33+/-0.04