(一)假借订立合同，恶意进行磋商； (2)deliberately concealed an important fact relevant to the conclusion of the contract or provided false information;or (二)故意隐瞒与订立合同有的重要事实或者提供虚假情况； (3)engaged in another act counter to the principle of good faith. (三)有其他违背诚实信用原则的行为· Article 43:Trade secrets learned by a party during the course of concluding a contract may not be disclosed or improperly used,regardless of whether the contract is formed or not.If a party causes loss to the other party through the disclosure or improper use of such trade secrets,he is liable for damages 第四十三条当事人在订立合同过程中知悉的商业秘密，无论合同是否成立，不得泄露或者 不正当地使用·泄露或者不正当地使用该商业秘密给对方造成损失的，应当承担损害赔偿 责任。 PART THREE:VALIDITY OF CONTRACTS 第三章合同的效力 Article 44:A legally formed contract is effective from its formation. 第四十四条依法成立的合同，自成立时生效。 If laws or administrative regulations provide that procedures such as approval and/or registration be carried out before a contract enters into effect,such provisions shall govern. 法律、行政法规规定应当办理批准、登记等手续生效的，依照其规定。 Article 45:The parties may agree to attach conditions to the effectiveness of the contract. Contracts with conditions precedent become effective upon fulfillment of those conditions Contracts with conditions subsequent become void upon fulfillment of those conditions. 第四十五条当事人对合同的效力可以约定附条件。附生效条件的合同，自条件成就时生 效。附解除条件的合同，自条件成就时失效。 11
11 （一）假借订立合同，恶意进行磋商； (2) deliberately concealed an important fact relevant to the conclusion of the contract or provided false information; or （二）故意隐瞒与订立合同有关的重要事实或者提供虚假情况； (3) engaged in another act counter to the principle of good faith. （三）有其他违背诚实信用原则的行为。 Article 43: Trade secrets learned by a party during the course of concluding a contract may not be disclosed or improperly used, regardless of whether the contract is formed or not. If a party causes loss to the other party through the disclosure or improper use of such trade secrets, he is liable for damages. 第四十三条当事人在订立合同过程中知悉的商业秘密，无论合同是否成立，不得泄露或者 不正当地使用。泄露或者不正当地使用该商业秘密给对方造成损失的，应当承担损害赔偿 责任。 PART THREE: VALIDITY OF CONTRACTS 第三章合同的效力 Article 44: A legally formed contract is effective from its formation. 第四十四条依法成立的合同，自成立时生效。 If laws or administrative regulations provide that procedures such as approval and/or registration be carried out before a contract enters into effect, such provisions shall govern. 法律、行政法规规定应当办理批准、登记等手续生效的，依照其规定。 Article 45: The parties may agree to attach conditions to the effectiveness of the contract. Contracts with conditions precedent become effective upon fulfillment of those conditions. Contracts with conditions subsequent become void upon fulfillment of those conditions. 第四十五条当事人对合同的效力可以约定附条件。附生效条件的合同，自条件成就时生 效。附解除条件的合同，自条件成就时失效
If a party improperly and for his own benefit obstructs the fulfillment of a condition,the condition is deemed to have been fulfilled.If a party improperly and for his own benefit facilitates the fulfillment of a condition,the condition is deemed not to have been fulfilled. 当事人为自己的利益不正当地阻止条件成就的，视为条件已成就；不正当地促成条件成就 的，视为条件不成就。 Article 46:The parties may agree to attach a time limit to the effectiveness of the contract.A contract with an attached time limit for its entry into effect enters into effect upon the expiration of such time limit.A contract with an attached time limit for termination becomes void upon the expiration of such time limit 第四十六条当事人对合同的效力可以约定附期限。附生效期限的合同，自期限届至时生 效。附终止期限的合同，自期限届满时失效。 Article 47:If a person with restricted capacity for civil acts concludes a contract,such contract is effective after it is ratified by his statutory agent.However,contracts under which such person merely acquires a benefit or which are compatible with that person's age,intellectual capacity or mental health do not require ratification by his statutory agent. 第四十七条限制民事行为能力人订立的合同，经法定代理人追认后·该合同有效，但纯获 利益的合同或者与其年龄、智力、精神健康状况相适应而订立的合同，不必经法定代理人 追认。 The opposite party may demand that the statutory agent ratify the contract within one month.If the statutory agent fails to indicate a decision,he is deemed to have refused ratification.The bona fide opposite party has the right to rescind the contract prior to its being ratified.Such rescission shall be made in the form of a notification. 相对人可以催告法定代理人在一个月内予以追认。法定代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追 认。合同被追认之前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作出。 Article 48:If a contract is concluded in the name of a principal by a person who has no power of agency,who exceeds his power of agency,or whose power of agency has expired,and the principal does not ratify it,it is not binding on the principal and liability for it shall be borne by the said person who concluded it. 第四十八条行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后以被代理人名义订立的合 同，未经被代理人追认，对被代理人不发生效力，由行为人承担责任。 The opposite party may demand that the principal ratify the contract within one month.If the principal fails to indicate a decision,he is deemed to have refused ratification.The bona fide 12
12 If a party improperly and for his own benefit obstructs the fulfillment of a condition, the condition is deemed to have been fulfilled. If a party improperly and for his own benefit facilitates the fulfillment of a condition, the condition is deemed not to have been fulfilled. 当事人为自己的利益不正当地阻止条件成就的，视为条件已成就；不正当地促成条件成就 的，视为条件不成就。 Article 46: The parties may agree to attach a time limit to the effectiveness of the contract. A contract with an attached time limit for its entry into effect enters into effect upon the expiration of such time limit. A contract with an attached time limit for termination becomes void upon the expiration of such time limit. 第四十六条当事人对合同的效力可以约定附期限。附生效期限的合同，自期限届至时生 效。附终止期限的合同，自期限届满时失效。 Article 47: If a person with restricted capacity for civil acts concludes a contract, such contract is effective after it is ratified by his statutory agent. However, contracts under which such person merely acquires a benefit or which are compatible with that person’s age, intellectual capacity or mental health do not require ratification by his statutory agent. 第四十七条限制民事行为能力人订立的合同，经法定代理人追认后，该合同有效，但纯获 利益的合同或者与其年龄、智力、精神健康状况相适应而订立的合同，不必经法定代理人 追认。 The opposite party may demand that the statutory agent ratify the contract within one month. If the statutory agent fails to indicate a decision, he is deemed to have refused ratification. The bona fide opposite party has the right to rescind the contract prior to its being ratified. Such rescission shall be made in the form of a notification. 相对人可以催告法定代理人在一个月内予以追认。法定代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追 认。合同被追认之前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作出。 Article 48: If a contract is concluded in the name of a principal by a person who has no power of agency, who exceeds his power of agency, or whose power of agency has expired, and the principal does not ratify it, it is not binding on the principal and liability for it shall be borne by the said person who concluded it. 第四十八条行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后以被代理人名义订立的合 同，未经被代理人追认，对被代理人不发生效力，由行为人承担责任。 The opposite party may demand that the principal ratify the contract within one month. If the principal fails to indicate a decision, he is deemed to have refused ratification. The bona fide
opposite party has the right to rescind the contract prior to its being ratified.Such rescission shall be made in the form of a notification. 相对人可以催告被代理人在一个月内予以追认。被代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追认。合 同被追认之前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。撒销应当以通知的方式作出。 Article 49:If a contract is concluded in the name of a principal by a person who has no power of agency,who exceeds his power of agency,or whose power of agency has expired,and the opposite party has reason to believe that the person with whom he concludes the contract has power of agency,then such act of agency is valid. 第四十九条行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后以被代理人名义订立合同， 相对人有理由相信行为人有代理权的，该代理行为有效。 Article 50:If the legal representative or a responsible person of a legal person or another organization acts ultra vires when concluding a contract,the act of representation is valid unless the other party knew or ought to have known that the contract was concluded ultra vires 第五十条法人或者其他组织的法定代表人、负责人超越权限订立的合同，除相对人知道或 者应当知道其超越权限的以外，该代表行为有效。 Article 51:If a person with no right of disposition disposes of another person's property,the contract is valid if it is ratified by the person who does have such right or if the person without the right of disposition obtains such right after conclusion of the contract. 第五十一条无处分权的人处分他人财产，经权利人追认或者无处分权的人订立合同后取得 处分权的，该合同有效· Article 52:A contract is void if: 第五十二条有下列情形之一的，合同无效： (1)a party uses fraud or coercion to conclude a contract,thereby harming the interests of the State: (一)一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段订立合同，损害国家利益； (2)it is a malicious conspiracy to harm the interests of the State,a collective or a third party; (二)恶意串通，损害国家、集体或者第三人利益； (3)it conceals an illegal objective by giving it a legal form; (三)以合法形式掩盖非法目的； 13
13 opposite party has the right to rescind the contract prior to its being ratified. Such rescission shall be made in the form of a notification. 相对人可以催告被代理人在一个月内予以追认。被代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追认。合 同被追认之前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作出。 Article 49: If a contract is concluded in the name of a principal by a person who has no power of agency, who exceeds his power of agency, or whose power of agency has expired, and the opposite party has reason to believe that the person with whom he concludes the contract has power of agency, then such act of agency is valid. 第四十九条行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后以被代理人名义订立合同， 相对人有理由相信行为人有代理权的，该代理行为有效。 Article 50: If the legal representative or a responsible person of a legal person or another organization acts ultra vires when concluding a contract, the act of representation is valid unless the other party knew or ought to have known that the contract was concluded ultra vires. 第五十条法人或者其他组织的法定代表人、负责人超越权限订立的合同，除相对人知道或 者应当知道其超越权限的以外，该代表行为有效。 Article 51: If a person with no right of disposition disposes of another person’s property, the contract is valid if it is ratified by the person who does have such right or if the person without the right of disposition obtains such right after conclusion of the contract. 第五十一条无处分权的人处分他人财产，经权利人追认或者无处分权的人订立合同后取得 处分权的，该合同有效。 Article 52: A contract is void if: 第五十二条有下列情形之一的，合同无效： (1) a party uses fraud or coercion to conclude a contract, thereby harming the interests of the State; （一）一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段订立合同，损害国家利益； (2) it is a malicious conspiracy to harm the interests of the State, a collective or a third party; （二）恶意串通，损害国家、集体或者第三人利益； (3) it conceals an illegal objective by giving it a legal form; （三）以合法形式掩盖非法目的；
(4)it harms the public interest;or (四)损害社会公共利益； (5)it violates mandatory provisions of laws or administrative regulations. (五)违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定。 Article 53:Exemption clauses in a contract are void if: 第五十三条合同中的下列免责条款无效： (1)they exempt a party from liability for bodily harm caused to the other party;or (一)造成对方人身伤害的： (2)they exempt a party from liability for property losses caused to the other party either willfully or as a result of gross negligence. (二)因故意或者重大过失造成对方财产损失的。 Article 54:A party has the right to petition a people's court or an arbitral institution to modify or rescind a contract if: 第五十四条下列合同，当事人一方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构变更或者撤销： (1)it was concluded as a result of a major mistake;or (一)因重大误解订立的； (2)it was clearly unconscionable at the time of conclusion (二)在订立合同时显失公平的· If a party used fraud or coercion or took advantage of the other party's vulnerability to cause him to conclude a contract which was contrary to his true intention,the injured party has the right to petition a people's court or an arbitral institution to modify or rescind the contract. 一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段或者乘人之危，使对方在违背真实意思的情况下订立的合同，受 损害方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构变更或者撤销· The people's court or arbitral institution may not rescind the contract if the party petitioned to have it modified. 当事人请求变更的，人民法院或者仲裁机构不得撤销。 14
14 (4) it harms the public interest; or （四）损害社会公共利益； (5) it violates mandatory provisions of laws or administrative regulations. （五）违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定。 Article 53: Exemption clauses in a contract are void if: 第五十三条合同中的下列免责条款无效： (1) they exempt a party from liability for bodily harm caused to the other party; or （一）造成对方人身伤害的； (2) they exempt a party from liability for property losses caused to the other party either willfully or as a result of gross negligence. （二）因故意或者重大过失造成对方财产损失的。 Article 54: A party has the right to petition a people’s court or an arbitral institution to modify or rescind a contract if: 第五十四条下列合同，当事人一方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构变更或者撤销： (1) it was concluded as a result of a major mistake; or （一）因重大误解订立的； (2) it was clearly unconscionable at the time of conclusion. （二）在订立合同时显失公平的。 If a party used fraud or coercion or took advantage of the other party’s vulnerability to cause him to conclude a contract which was contrary to his true intention, the injured party has the right to petition a people’s court or an arbitral institution to modify or rescind the contract. 一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段或者乘人之危，使对方在违背真实意思的情况下订立的合同，受 损害方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构变更或者撤销。 The people’s court or arbitral institution may not rescind the contract if the party petitioned to have it modified. 当事人请求变更的，人民法院或者仲裁机构不得撤销
Article 55:The right of rescission is extinguished if: 第五十五条有下列情形之一的，撤销权消灭： (1)the party with the right of rescission fails to exercise such right within one year of the date on which he learned or ought to have learned of the cause for rescission;or (一)具有撤销权的当事人自知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内没有行使撤销权； (2)the party with the right of rescission expressly states or through his conduct indicates his waiver of such right after learning of the cause for rescission. (二)具有撤销权的当事人知道撒销事由后明确表示或者以自己的行为放弃撤销权· Article 56:A void or rescinded contract has no legally binding force ab initio.If a contract is partially void and the validity of the other part is unaffected thereby,such other part remains valid 第五十六条无效的合同或者被撤销的合同自始没有法律约束力。合同部分无效，不影响其 他部分效力的·其他部分仍然有效。· Article 57:The invalidity,rescission or termination of a contract does not affect the validity of independently existing clauses in the contract which concern the method of dispute resolution 第五十七条合同无效、被撤销或者终止的，不影响合同中独立存在的有解决争议方法的 条款的效力。 Article 58:Property obtained by virtue of a void or rescinded contract shall be returned.If it is impossible or unnecessary to return it,the property shall be evaluated in terms of money and compensation made accordingly.The party at fault shall compensate the other party for the resultant loss.If both parties are at fault,each shall bear his corresponding liability. 第五十八条合同无效或者被撤销后，因该合同取得的财产，应当予以返还；不能返还或者 没有必要返还的，应当折价补偿。有过错的一方应当赔偿对方因此所受到的损失，双方都 有过错的，应当各自承担相应的责任。 Article 59:Property obtained as a result of a malicious conspiracy between the parties to damage the interests of the State,a collective or a third party,shall pass to the State or be returned to the collective or the third party. 第五十九条当事人恶意串通，损害国家、集体或者第三人利益的，因此取得的财产收归国 家所有或者返还集体、第三人· 15
15 Article 55: The right of rescission is extinguished if: 第五十五条有下列情形之一的，撤销权消灭： (1) the party with the right of rescission fails to exercise such right within one year of the date on which he learned or ought to have learned of the cause for rescission; or （一）具有撤销权的当事人自知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内没有行使撤销权； (2) the party with the right of rescission expressly states or through his conduct indicates his waiver of such right after learning of the cause for rescission. （二）具有撤销权的当事人知道撤销事由后明确表示或者以自己的行为放弃撤销权。 Article 56: A void or rescinded contract has no legally binding force ab initio. If a contract is partially void and the validity of the other part is unaffected thereby, such other part remains valid. 第五十六条无效的合同或者被撤销的合同自始没有法律约束力。合同部分无效，不影响其 他部分效力的，其他部分仍然有效。 Article 57: The invalidity, rescission or termination of a contract does not affect the validity of independently existing clauses in the contract which concern the method of dispute resolution. 第五十七条合同无效、被撤销或者终止的，不影响合同中独立存在的有关解决争议方法的 条款的效力。 Article 58: Property obtained by virtue of a void or rescinded contract shall be returned. If it is impossible or unnecessary to return it, the property shall be evaluated in terms of money and compensation made accordingly. The party at fault shall compensate the other party for the resultant loss. If both parties are at fault, each shall bear his corresponding liability. 第五十八条合同无效或者被撤销后，因该合同取得的财产，应当予以返还；不能返还或者 没有必要返还的，应当折价补偿。有过错的一方应当赔偿对方因此所受到的损失，双方都 有过错的，应当各自承担相应的责任。 Article 59: Property obtained as a result of a malicious conspiracy between the parties to damage the interests of the State, a collective or a third party, shall pass to the State or be returned to the collective or the third party. 第五十九条当事人恶意串通，损害国家、集体或者第三人利益的，因此取得的财产收归国 家所有或者返还集体、第三人