Conversational Implicature Relevance Theory 网口啊L
Conversational Implicature & Relevance Theory
、 Outline Introduction PragmatIcs Principles underlying the implicature phenomenon Types of implicature Examples
Outline • Introduction • Pragmatics • Principles underlying the implicature phenomenon • Types of implicature • Examples
Introduction Pragmatics Implicature= anything that is inferred from an utterance but that is not a condition for the truth of the utterance. (Gazdar, 1979) Presupposition -anything that is presupposed to be true given an utterance
Introduction • Pragmatics • Implicature = anything that is inferred from an utterance but that is not a condition for the truth of the utterance. (Gazdar, 1979) • Presupposition = anything that is presupposed to be true given an utterance
Presupposition Possible criterion: given an utterance U, the proposition p that is inferred by listener from both U and not U is a presupposition Example The king of france is bold The king of france is not bold From both sentences, the affirmation and the negation we infer that there is a king of france
Presupposition • Possible criterion: given an utterance U, the proposition p that is inferred by listener from both U and not U is a presupposition • Example: • The king of France is bold. • The king of France is not bold. From both sentences, the affirmation and the negation, we infer that there is a king of France
Implicature Implicatures are inferred based on the assumption that the speaker observes or flouts some principles of cooperation(different authors have identified different principles) Grice -4 principles(so called"maximS) Levinson(1981), Horn (1984)-2 principles
Implicature • Implicatures are inferred based on the assumption that the speaker observes or flouts some principles of cooperation (different authors have identified different principles) • Grice – 4 principles (so called “maxims”) • Levinson (1981), Horn (1984) – 2 principles