Chapter10The Deaths of Stars恒星的死亡2006Brooks/Cole-Thomson
The Deaths of Stars 恒星的死亡 Chapter 10
The End of a Star's LifeWhenall thenuclearfuel inastarisusedup,gravitywill winoverpressureandthestarwill die当恒星的核燃料耗尽,重力将占主导,恒星死亡。High-mass starswill diefirst,inagigantic explosion,called asupernova.大质量恒星先死亡,通过剧烈爆炸一超新星NB3AX-ray blueOplicalgreenjAge2000toRadored5000yrIC443Age30,000yTycho's SupernovaSupernova seen1572Gesashotas 1omillicnKfillstheexoanding shells.Inirared'mageLessmassivestarswill dieinalessdramatic event,calledanova.EdgeofdetectorX-rayimage低质量恒星死亡不太剧烈一新星
The End of a Star’s Life When all the nuclear fuel in a star is used up, gravity will win over pressure and the star will die. 当恒星的核燃料耗尽,重力将占主导,恒星死亡。 High-mass stars will die first, in a gigantic explosion, called a supernova. 大质量恒星先死亡,通过剧烈爆炸-超新星 Less massive stars will die in a less dramatic event, called a nova. 低质量恒星死亡不太剧烈- 新星
EvolutionofftheMainSequence:ExpansionintoaRedGiant演化离开主序,膨胀成为红巨星核区氢完全聚变成氮,Insidea形成纯氨核。Surface of star5Moredgiant-70RO→“Hydrogenburning”(i.e.fusionofHintoHe)ceasesinthecoreInertenvelope-60R核区氢燃烧(核反应)停止。Mostly Hand He50R氢燃烧在核区外一壳层继续,40RHydrogen-fusionshell30R氮核收缩,氢燃烧壳产生大量的能量(=>压力)。-20RCenter-0.2Rofstar-10R-0.1RHelium恒星外层膨胀、冷却一coreMagnifiedSizeofredgiant红巨星100timesthe sunD2006Brooks/Cole-Thomso
Evolution off the Main Sequence: Expansion into a Red Giant 演化离开主序,膨胀成为红巨星 核区氢完全聚变成氦, 形成纯氦核。 氢燃烧在核区外一壳层继续。 氦核收缩,氢燃烧壳产生大量 的能量(=>压力)。 恒星外层膨胀、冷却 → red giant 红巨星 → “Hydrogen burning” (i.e. fusion of H into He) ceases in the core. 核区氢燃烧(核反应)停止
ExpansionontotheGiantBranch膨胀到巨星带Massivestarsevolvefromthemainseguenceintothesupergiantregion在氮核无核反应和氢aMBAK?燃烧壳阶段,恒星膨106Betelgeuse胀,表面冷却Deneb-15M104Supergiants5MorcturusAldebara51023MoPolluxGiarInsideaSurtace ofstar5M,redgiantMainsequ-70RSunThesunwillLessmassivestarsnceevolve intothebecomeagiantstar.Inert.envelope-60RMostlyHand Hegiantregion.10-250R-40RHydrogen-fusionEvolutionofstars104shellofdifferentmasses30Rg30.00020,00010,00050003000200020RCenter-0.2RofTemperature (K)star10R0.1RHelium@2006Brooks/Cole-ThomsoncoreMagnifiedSizeof在中心存留氮核the sun100times
Expansion onto the Giant Branch 膨胀到巨星带 在氦核无核反应和氢 燃烧壳阶段,恒星膨 胀,表面冷却 在中心存留氦核
(氨核)简并物质DegenerateMatter恒星核内没有氢能源。→热压力不足以平衡重力=>压缩形成致密物质。物质变为一个新状态,叫简并物质(密度很大,压力和温度无关)Low-density gasHigh-densitygas(nondegenerate)(deaenerate)1=74=6简并核的压力的起因是:1.电子倾向于低能量+AtomAdm2.电子不能任意摆放在一起cmitsatxsorbisenersyEneres
Degenerate Matter 简并物质(氦核) 恒星氦核内没有氢能源。 → 热压力不足以平衡重力 =>压缩形成致密物质。 → 物质变为一个新状态,叫 简并物质 (密度很大,压力和温度无关) 简并核的压力的起因是: 1. 电子倾向于低能量 2. 电子不能任意摆放在一起 Electron energy