GLOBA CHANGE What is Global Change? 1. Global-scale changes that affect the functioning of the earth system Much more than climate change 3. Natural as well as anthropogenic changes 4. Socio-economic as well as biophysical Nitrogen For example, changes in Temperature Nitrogen fixation Species Extinctions Temperature Mammal species 50 Bird Biodiversity 节40 三Ez 20 0 YEAR
Vitousek (1994) What is Global Change? Nitrogen fixation Temperature Biodiversity……….. 1. Global-scale changes that affect the functioning of the Earth System 2. Much more than climate change 3. Natural as well as anthropogenic changes 4. Socio-economic as well as biophysical For example, changes in: Reid & Miller (1989)
chaNGe What is Global Change? For example, changes in CO2 Nitrogen fixation Ozone Temperature Biodiversit Human Population Atmos pheric composition Nitrogen flux to coastal Zone Population Loss of Tropical Rain Forest and Woodland Nitrogen in the coastal 35 zone 30 Forest cover 8 N20 15 芒10 5 175018001850190019502000 Year
NOAA What is Global Change? Nitrogen fixation Temperature Biodiversity Atmospheric composition Population Nitrogen in the coastal zone Forest cover For example, changes in: NASA U.S. Bureau of the Census Mackenzie et al (2002) Richards (1991), WRI (1990)
chanGe What is Global Change? For example, changes in Nitrogen fixation Climate Temperature Land cover Biodiversit Nitrous oxide Atmospheric composition Fishery Exploitation Population 100 Nitrogen in the coastal 80 zone 60 Forest cover o=o 40 Climate i20 Land use Nitrous oxide FAO YEAR Exploitation of fisheries
What is Global Change? For example, changes in: Goldewijk and Battjes (1997) IPCC Nitrogen fixation Temperature Biodiversity Atmospheric composition Population Nitrogen in the coastal zone Forest cover Climate Land use Nitrous oxide Exploitation of fisheries FAO
GLOBA CHANGE Global Change and the Earth System International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme
Global Change International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme and the Earth System
CHANGE An Integrated Earth System 4 glacial cycles recorded in the Vostok ice core ■■■■ 280 CO2 260 240 220 200 AoM2宫 部MP2当 6 -8 6 CH 60 50 40035030025020015010050 Age(kyr BP) J. R. Petit et al. Nature. 399, 429-36. 1999
An Integrated Earth System