SHIPSANDCONTAINERSCon-BulkersA ship with hold arrangements suitablefor the carriage of both containers and bulk cargoes..Various configurations, including?Bulk cargoes carried in designated holds, containers in other holds;Containers carried above bulk cargo;:Containers carried only on deckRo-Ro Cargo ShipsVariousconfiqurations,includingRo-Rocarqoaftandcontainersinconventionalholdsforward? Containers loaded by fork lft trucks in Ro-Ro decks:?Containers on deck and Ro-Ro cargo in the Ro-Ro deckGeneral CargoShips?Containers in holds, secured by traditional wire lashingsContainersondecksecuredbycontainer-securingequipment.Containers may be carried athwartships.Only possible when cargo is carefullystowedwithinthecontainerContainers loaded on dunnage and carried as general cargoShips'StructureThecombinedweightofastackofcontainersmayamounttoathe strength of the tank top,the cell guides and, on deck, thetotal downward force on the tank top, through each containerstrength of the hatch covers, lashing bridges, pedestals and thecorner casting,ofup to 100 tonnes.Wherefour container cornersfixed fittings associated with the container stow.are placed close together,such as at the mid-hold position whenItisimportanttocarrycontainerswithintheloadingconditionscarrying 20-foot containers,the total local loadon thetank topimposed by the classification society. Container loads should nevermay be four times this.exceed the permitted stack weights as setdown in the ship'sDuring classification, the strength of the ship's structure to supportloading manual.containers is verified and approved.This includes assessment of
9 SHIPS AND CONTAINERS Con-Bulkers • A ship with hold arrangements suitable for the carriage of both containers and bulk cargoes. • Various configurations, including: • Bulk cargoes carried in designated holds, containers in other holds; • Containers carried above bulk cargo; • Containers carried only on deck. Ro-Ro Cargo Ships • Various configurations, including: • Ro-Ro cargo aft and containers in conventional holds forward; • Containers loaded by fork lift trucks in Ro-Ro decks; • Containers on deck and Ro-Ro cargo in the Ro-Ro deck. General Cargo Ships • Containers in holds, secured by traditional wire lashings. • Containers on deck secured by container-securing equipment. • Containers may be carried athwartships. Only possible when cargo is carefully stowed within the container. • Containers loaded on dunnage and carried as general cargo. Ships’ Structure The combined weight of a stack of containers may amount to a total downward force on the tank top, through each container corner casting, of up to 100 tonnes. Where four container corners are placed close together, such as at the mid-hold position when carrying 20-foot containers, the total local load on the tank top may be four times this. During classification, the strength of the ship's structure to support containers is verified and approved. This includes assessment of the strength of the tank top, the cell guides and, on deck, the strength of the hatch covers, lashing bridges, pedestals and the fixed fittings associated with the container stow. It is important to carry containers within the loading conditions imposed by the classification society. Container loads should never exceed the permitted stack weights as set down in the ship's loading manual
-10SHIPS ANDCONTAINERSContainerSizesContainers are standardised cargo units. They are manufactured inThe castings are the only points at which a container should bea large variety ofsizes and types,each designed to meet specificsupported,and are used to attach securing fittings,such as lashingcargo and transportation requirements. Their length is usually 20 orrods and twistlocks. The position and spacing of corner castings40feet,althoughlonger containers areused,principally in the are carefully controlled.trade; these containers are 45, 48 and 53 feet long. Their width isContainers that are longer than 40 feet usually have additionalalways8feetalthoughtheirheight canvary.Theterm"highcubesupportpointsatthe40-footposition sothattheycanbestowedcontainer usually refers to a standard-sized container that has aover a standard 40-foot container. Standard sizes for ISO Series1heightof9feet6inches.Containerheightscanbe8feet,8feet6freight containers include those shown in the table below.inches, 9 feet 6 inches or 10 feet 6 inches.20-foot containers areactually a ltle shorterthan 20feet,so thatTheISO standard for containers defines dimensions, both internaltwo20-foot containerscanbestowedina40-footbay.Theactualand external,and load ratings.All containers have a frameworkdimensionsare12192mmfora 40-footcontainerand6058mmforaandcornerpostsfittedwithcornercastings.Thecastingsateach20-foot container. Thus, two 20-foot containers are 76mm shortercorner of the container support the container's weight.than a 40-foot container.Standard Sizes for iso Series 1Freight ContainersDESIGNATIONLENGTHWIDTHHEIGHTTAAA9'6"1AAAll at 40'0All at 8'0"8'6"1A8'0"1AX<8'0"1BBB9'6"1BB8*6"All at 30°0Allat 8'0"1B8'0"1BX<8'0"1CC8'6"1C80mAll at 20°0All at 8'0"1CX<80"1D80All at 10'0All at 8'0"1DX<80APPROXIMATE DIMENSIONS,IN FEET AND INCHES.MOST COMMON SIZES HIGHLIGHTED.SUFFIX'X'MEANSTHECONTAINER HEIGHTIS LESSTHAN8FEET
10 Container Sizes Containers are standardised cargo units. They are manufactured in a large variety of sizes and types, each designed to meet specific cargo and transportation requirements. Their length is usually 20 or 40 feet, although longer containers are used, principally in the US trade; these containers are 45, 48 and 53 feet long. Their width is always 8 feet although their height can vary. The term ‘high cube’ container usually refers to a standard-sized container that has a height of 9 feet 6 inches. Container heights can be 8 feet, 8 feet 6 inches, 9 feet 6 inches or 10 feet 6 inches. The ISO standard for containers defines dimensions, both internal and external, and load ratings. All containers have a framework and corner posts fitted with corner castings. The castings at each corner of the container support the container’s weight. The castings are the only points at which a container should be supported, and are used to attach securing fittings, such as lashing rods and twistlocks. The position and spacing of corner castings are carefully controlled. Containers that are longer than 40 feet usually have additional support points at the 40-foot position so that they can be stowed over a standard 40-foot container. Standard sizes for ISO Series 1 freight containers include those shown in the table below. 20-foot containers are actually a little shorter than 20 feet, so that two 20-foot containers can be stowed in a 40-foot bay. The actual dimensions are 12192mm for a 40-foot container and 6058mm for a 20-foot container. Thus, two 20-foot containers are 76mm shorter than a 40-foot container. SHIPS AND CONTAINERS ALLOWANCE Standard Sizes for ISO Series 1 Freight Containers IN MILLIMETRES APPROXIMATE DIMENSIONS, IN FEET AND INCHES. MOST COMMON SIZES HIGHLIGHTED. SUFFIX ‘X’ MEANS THE CONTAINER HEIGHT IS LESS THAN 8 FEET. DESIGNATION LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT 1AAA 9’6” 1AA All at 40’0” All at 8’0” 8’6” 1A 8’0” 1AX <8’0” 1BBB 9’6” 1BB All at 30’0” All at 8’0” 8’6” 1B 8’0” 1BX <8’0” 1CC 8’6” 1C All at 20’0” All at 8’0” 8’0” 1CX <8’0” 1D All at 10’0” All at 8’0” 8’0” 1DX <8’0
11SHIPSANDCONTAINERSContainerTypesThere are a number of types of container in common use.They allhavebasicallythesameframe,andthedifferencesrelatetowhatthey can be used for and access.DryVanBoxesThemost common type:Theyhavecorrugatedsteelwalls,timberbase,steelorglassreinforcedplastic(GRP)top.:Corrugated walls canbemade fromplate fromas lttleas 1.6mm (1/16 inch) in thickness.NCTheirframeconsistsofsideand endrailsandcornerpillars,fittedwithcornercastings.The closed end isapproximately4.5timesmore stiff,in racking strength,thanthedoorendCurtainwallcontainersCurtain wall containers are similar to dry van boxes, but have fabric side walls.that canbe opened tofacilitateeasy cargohandlingTALRefrigeratedContainers:GeneralconstructionasfordryvanboxesTRLU1631760.Theyusuallyhavetheirownrefrigerationunit,withanairorawater-cooledheatexchanger.AsmallnumberofCONAIRboxesuseclose-coupledventilation:They have their own data logger to record temperature
11 SHIPS AND CONTAINERS Container Types There are a number of types of container in common use. They all have basically the same frame, and the differences relate to what they can be used for and access. Dry Van Boxes • The most common type. • They have corrugated steel walls, timber base, steel or glass reinforced plastic (GRP) top. • Corrugated walls can be made from plate from as little as 1.6mm (1/16 inch) in thickness. • Their frame consists of side and end rails and corner pillars, fitted with corner castings. • The closed end is approximately 4.5 times more stiff, in racking strength, than the door end. Curtain wall containers • Curtain wall containers are similar to dry van boxes, but have fabric side walls that can be opened to facilitate easy cargo handling. Refrigerated Containers • General construction as for dry van boxes. • They usually have their own refrigeration unit, with an air or a water-cooled heat exchanger. • A small number of CONAIR boxes use close-coupled ventilation. • They have their own data logger to record temperature