EX PE RIMENT 17 Determination of Z-Factors for Imperfect Gases。。。。。。,。866 Introduction,866 Van Der Waals'Equation,868 Equipment and Procedures,869 Questions and Problems,869 References,870 EX PE RIMENT 18 Basic Sediment and Water(Bs&W),。。。。。·。·。·。。。。.871 Introduction,871 Equipment and Procedures,871 Questions and Problems,872 References,872 EXPERIMENT 19 Point-Load Strength Test。·。。·。·。·。·。。。。。。··。。873 Introduction,873 Equipment and Procedures,873 Sample Calculations,874 Questions and Problems,875 References,875 Utilities。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。876 Preservation of Cores,876 Synthetic Brine Solutions,878 Dead-Weight Tester,878 Procedure,879 References,879 Index。···。。。。·。·。。。。。。。·。·。。。。·。。。。。。,881 xvii
EXPERIMENT 17 Determination of Z-Factors for Imperfect Gases . . . . . . . . 866 Introduction, 866 Equipment and Procedures, 869 Questions and Problems, 869 References, 870 Van Der Waals’ Equation, 868 EXPERIMENT 18 Basic Sediment and Water (BS&W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 Introduction, 871 Equipment and Procedures, 871 Questions and Problems, 872 References, 872 EXPERIMENT 19 Point-load Strength Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873 Introduction, 873 Equipment and Procedures, 873 Sample Calculations, 874 Questions and Problems, 875 References, 875 Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .876 Preservation of Cores, 876 Synthetic Brine Solutions, 878 Dead-Weight Tester, 878 Procedure, 879 References, 879 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .881 xvii
ABOUT THE AUTHORS Djebbar Tiab is the Senior Professor of Petroleum Engineering at the University of Oklahoma,and Petroleum Engineering consultant.He received his B.Sc.(May 1974)and M.Sc.(May 1975)degrees from the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology,and his Ph.D.degree (uly 1976)from the University of Oklahoma-all in petroleum engineering.He is the Director of the University of Oklahoma Graduate Program in Petroleum Engineering in Algeria. At the University of Oklahoma,he taught fifteen different petroleum and general engineering courses including:well test analysis,petrophysics,oil reservoir engineering,natural gas engineering,and properties of reservoir fluids. Dr.Tiab has consulted for a number of oil companies and offered training programs in pctroleum engineering in the USA and overseas.He worked for over two years in the oilfields of Algeria for Alcore,S.A.,an association of Sonatrach and Core Laboratories.He has also worked and consulted for Core Laboratories and Western Atlas in Houston,Texas,for four years as a Senior Reservoir Engineer Advisor. As a researcher at the University of Oklahoma,he received several research grants and contracts from oil companies and various U.S.agencies.He supervised 23 Ph.D.and 94 M.S.students at the University of Oklahoma.He is the author of over 150 conference and journal technical papers.In 1975(M.S.thesis)and 1976 (Ph.D.dissertation)he introduced the pressure derivative technique,which revolutionized the interpretation of pressure transient tests.He developed two patents in the area of reservoir characterization (identification of flow units). Dr.Tiab is a member of the U.S.Research Council,Society of Petroleum Engineers,Core Analysis Society,Pi Epsilon Tau,Who is Who,and American Men and Women of Science.He served as a technical editor of various SPE,Egyptian, Kuwaiti and U.A.E.journals,and as a member of the SPE Pressure Analysis Transaction Committee.He is a member of the SPE Twenty-Five Year Club. He has received the Outstanding Young Men of America Award,the SUN Award for Education Achievement,the Kerr-McGee Distinguished Lecturer Award, the College of Engineering Faculty Fellowship of Excellence,the Halliburton Lectureship Award,the UNOCAL Centennial Professorship,and the P&GE Distinguished Professor.Dr.Tiab has been elected in October 2002 to the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences as a foreign member because of "his outstanding work in petroleum engineering."He was also awarded in October 2002 the xviii
ABOUT THE AUTHORS Djebbar Tiab is the Senior Professor of Petroleum Engineering at the University of Oklahoma, and Petroleum Engineering consultant. He received his B.Sc. (May 1974) and M.Sc. (May 1975) degrees from the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, and his Ph.D. degree (July 1976) from the University of Oklahoma-all in petroleum engineering. He is the Director of the University of Oklahoma Graduate Program in Petroleum Engineering in Algeria. At the University of Oklahoma, he taught fifteen different petroleum and general engineering courses including: well test analysis, petrophysics, oil reservoir engineering, natural gas engineering, and properties of reservoir fluids. Dr. Tiab has consulted for a number of oil companies and offered training programs in petroleum engineering in the USA and overseas. He worked for over two years in the oilfields of Algeria for Alcore, S.A., an association of Sonatrach and Core Laboratories. He has also worked and consulted for Core Laboratories and Western Atlas in Houston, Texas, for four years as a Senior Reservoir Engineer Advisor. As a researcher at the University of Oklahoma, he received several research grants and contracts from oil companies and various U.S. agencies. He supervised 23 Ph.D. and 94 M.S. students at the University of Oklahoma. He is the author of over 150 conference and journal technical papers. In 1975 (M.S. thesis) and 1976 (Ph.D. dissertation) he introduced the pressure derivative technique, which revolutionized the interpretation of pressure transient tests. He developed two patents in the area of reservoir characterization (identification of flow units). Dr. Tiab is a member of the U.S. Research Council, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Core Analysis Society, Pi Epsilon Tau, Who is Who, and American Men and Women of Science. He served as a technical editor of various SPE, Egyptian, Kuwaiti and U.A.E. journals, and as a member of the SPE Pressure Analysis Transaction Committee. He is a member of the SPE Twenty-Five Year Club. He has received the Outstanding Young Men of America Award, the SUN Award for Education Achievement, the Ken-McGee Distinguished Lecturer Award, the College of Engineering Faculty Fellowship of Excellence, the Halliburton Lectureship Award, the UNOCAL Centennial Professorship, and the P&GE Distinguished Professor. Dr. Tiab has been elected in October 2002 to the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences as a foreign member because of “his outstanding work in petroleum engineering.” He was also awarded in October 2002 the xviii
Kapista gold Medal of Honor for "his outstanding contributors to the field of engineering.He received the prestigious 1995 SPE Distinguished Achievement Award for Petroleum Engineering Faculty.The citation read,"He is recognized for his role in student development and his excellence in classroom instruction.He pioneered the pressure derivative technique of well testing and has contributed considerable understanding to petrophysics and reservoir engineering through his research and writing."He is also the recipient of the 2003 SPE Formation Evaluation Award "For distinguished contributions to petroleum engineering in the area of formation evaluation." Erle C.Donaldson began his career as a pilot plant project manager for Signal Oil and Gas Research in Houston,Texas.Later he joined the U.S.Bureau of Mines Petroleum Research Center in Bartlesville,Oklahoma,as a project manager of subsurface disposal and industrial wastes and reservoir characterization;when the laboratory was transferred to the U.S.Department of Energy,Dr.Donaldson continued as chief of petroleum reservoir characterization.When the laboratory shifted to private industry for operations,he joined the faculty of the School of Petroleum and Geological Engineering at the University of Oklahoma as associate professor.Since retiring from the university in 1990,he has consulted for various oil companies,universities,and U.S.agencies including:the Environmental Protection Agency,the U.S.Navy Ordinance Center,King Fahd Research Institute of Saudi Arabia,and companies in the U.S.,Brazil,Venezuela,Bolivia,and Thailand. Dr.Donaldson has earned four degrees:a Ph.D.in chemical engineering from the University of Tulsa,an M.S.in organic chemistry from the University of South Carolina,a B.Sc.in chemical engineering from the University of Houston,and a B.Sc.in chemistry from The Citadel.He has served as chairman of committees and sessions for the Society of Petroleum Engineers and the American Chemical Society,as well as other national and international conferences.He is a member of the SPE Twenty-Five Year Club,and is currently the managing editor of the Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. xix
Kapista gold Medal of Honor for “his outstanding contributors to the field of engineering.” He received the prestigious 1995 SPE Distinguished Achievement Award for Petroleum Engineering Faculty. The citation read, “He is recognized for his role in student development and his excellence in classroom instruction. He pioneered the pressure derivative technique of well testing and has contributed considerable understanding to petrophysics and reservoir engineering through his research and writing.” He is also the recipient of the 2003 SPE Formation Evaluation Award “For distinguished contributions to petroleum engineering in the area of formation evaluation.” Erle C. Donaldson began his career as a pilot plant project manager for Signal Oil and Gas Research in Houston, Texas. Later he joined the U.S. Bureau of Mines Petroleum Research Center in Bartlesville, Oklahoma, as a project manager of subsurface disposal and industrial wastes and reservoir characterization; when the laboratory was transferred to the U.S. Department of Energy, Dr. Donaldson continued as chief of petroleum reservoir characterization. When the laboratory shifted to private industry for operations, he joined the faculty of the School of Petroleum and Geological Engineering at the University of Oklahoma as associate professor. Since retiring from the university in 1990, he has consulted for various oil companies, universities, and U.S. agencies including: the Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Navy Ordinance Center, King Fahd Research Institute of Saudi Arabia, and companies in the U.S., Brazil, Venezuela, Bolivia, and Thailand. Dr. Donaldson has earned four degrees: a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the University of Tulsa, an M.S. in organic chemistry from the University of South Carolina, a B.Sc. in chemical engineering from the University of Houston, and a B.Sc. in chemistry from The Citadel. He has served as chairman of committees and sessions for the Society of Petroleum Engineers and the American Chemical Society, as well as other national and international conferences. He is a member of the SPE Twenty-Five Year Club, and is currently the managing editor of the Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. XiX
ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors are especially indebted to Academician George V.Chilingar,Professor of Civil and Petroleum Engineering at the University of Southern California,Los Angeles, who acted as the technical,scientific,and consulting editor. We can never thank him enough for his prompt and systematic editing of this book. He is forever our friend. xox
ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors are especially indebted to Academician George V. Chilingar, Professor of Civil and Petroleum Engineering at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, who acted as the technical, scientific, and consulting editor. We can never thank him enough for his prompt and systematic editing of this book. He is forever our friend
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION This book presents the developed concepts,theories,and laboratory procedures as related to the porous rock properties and their interactions with fluids (gases,hydrocarbon liquids,and aqueous solutions).The properties of porous subsurface rocks and the fluids they contain govern the rates of fluid flow and the amounts of residual fluids that remain in the rocks after all economical means of hydrocarbon production have been exhausted.It is estimated that the residual hydrocarbons locked in place after primary and secondary production, on a worldwide scale,is about 40%of the original volume in place.This is a huge hydrocarbon resource target for refined reservoir characterization (using the theories and procedures of petrophysics)to enhance the secondary recovery or implement tertiary (EOR)recovery.The use of modern methods for reservoir characterization with a combination of petrophysics and mathematical modeling is bringing new life into many old reservoirs that are near the point of abandonment.This book brings together the theories and procedures from the scattered sources in the literature. In order to establish the basis for the study of rock properties and rock-fluid interactions,the first two chapters are devoted to a review of mineralogy, petrology,and geology.Next,the two rock properties that are perhaps the most important for petroleum engineering,i.e.,porosity and permeability,are presented in detail in Chapter 3.Finally,the problem of porosity-permeability correlation has been solved.The subjects of Chapter 4 are the electrical resistivity and water saturation of rocks which are the basis for well logging techniques. The next chapter takes up the theories and applications of capillary pressure and wettability to various phenomena associated with fluid-saturated rocks,such as residual saturations due to fluid trapping,variations of relative permeabilities. effects on production,and the measurements and use of capillary pressure for determination of pore size distributions and wettability.Chapter 6 is devoted exclusively to the applications of Darcy's Law to linear,radial,laminar,and turbulent flows,and multiple variations of permeability and porosity in rocks. Chapter 7 presents an introduction to the important topic of rock mechanics by considering rock deformation,compressibility,and the effects of stress on porosity and permeability.The book ends with a discussion of rock-fluid interactions associated with various types of formation damage.Finally,a set of 19 laboratory procedures for determination of the rock and fluid properties, xxi
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION This book presents the developed concepts, theories, and laboratory procedures as related to the porous rock properties and their interactions with fluids (gases, hydrocarbon liquids, and aqueous solutions). The properties of porous subsurface rocks and the fluids they contain govern the rates of fluid flow and the amounts of residual fluids that remain in the rocks after all economical means of hydrocarbon production have been exhausted. It is estimated that the residual hydrocarbons locked in place after primary and secondary production, on a worldwide scale, is about 40% of the original volume in place. This is a huge hydrocarbon resource target for refined reservoir characterization (using the theories and procedures of petrophysics) to enhance the secondary recovery or implement tertiary (EOR) recovery. The use of modern methods for reservoir characterization with a combination of petrophysics and mathematical modeling is bringing new life into many old reservoirs that are near the point of abandonment. This book brings together the theories and procedures from the scattered sources in the literature. In order to establish the basis for the study of rock properties and rock-fluid interactions, the first two chapters are devoted to a review of mineralogy, petrology, and geology. Next, the two rock properties that are perhaps the most important for petroleum engineering, i.e., porosity and permeability, are presented in detail in Chapter 3. Finally, the problem of porosity-permeability correlation has been solved. The subjects of Chapter 4 are the electrical resistivity and water saturation of rocks which are the basis for well logging techniques. The next chapter takes up the theories and applications of capillary pressure and wettability to various phenomena associated with fluid-saturated rocks, such as residual saturations due to fluid trapping, variations of relative permeabilities, effects on production, and the measurements and use of capillary pressure for determination of pore size distributions and wettability. Chapter 6 is devoted exclusively to the applications of Darcy’s Law to linear, radial, laminar, and turbulent flows, and multiple variations of permeability and porosity in rocks. Chapter 7 presents an introduction to the important topic of rock mechanics by considering rock deformation, compressibility, and the effects of stress on porosity and permeability. The book ends with a discussion of rock-fluid interactions associated with various types of formation damage. Finally, a set of 19 laboratory procedures for determination of the rock and fluid properties, xxi