Nomenclature,550 Subscripts,550 Greek Symbols,551 References,551 CHAPTER 9 Effect of Stress on Reservoir Rock Properties。。。。。。。。。。554 Static Stress-Strain Relation,555 Stress Analysis,556 Strain Analysis,559 Two-Dimensional Stress-Strain Systems,560 Rock Deformation,561 Hooke's Law,562 Stress-Strain Diagrams,571 The Mohr Diagram,574 Dynamic Elastic Properties,577 Rock Strength and Hardness,580 Rock Hardness,584 Compressibility of Porous Rocks,586 Pore Compressibility,586 Effectiveness of Pore Pressure in Countering Stress,591 Effect of Pore Compressibility on Reserves Calculations,594 Converting Lab Data to Reservoir Data,596 Effect of Stress on Core Data,599 Effect of Stress on Porosity,600 Effect of Stress on Permeability,603 Effect of Stress on Resistivity,604 Porosity-Permeability-Stress Relationship,606 Effect of Stress on Fracturing,621 Effect of Poisson's Ratio on Fracture Gradient,621 FG for Offshore Wells,626 Effect of Poisson's Ratio on Fracture Dimensions,632 In-Situ Stress Distribution,637 Effect of Stress Change on Rock Failure,643 Change in Stress Field Due to Depletion and Repressurization,644 Stress Relationship at the Wellbore,645 Estimating Critical Borehole Pressure in Vertical Wells,646 Critical Borehole Pressure in Horizontal Wells,647 Critical Pore Pressure,649 Example of a North Sea Reservoir,650 Porosity as Strength Indicator to Evaluate Sand Production,653 Problems,659 Nomenclature,664 Subscripts,664 Greek Symbols,665 References,666 xii
Nomenclature, 550 Subscripts, 550 Greek Symbols, 551 References, 551 CHAPTER 9 Effect of Stress on Reservoir Rock Properties a a a a a a a a a 554 Static Stress-Strain Relation, 555 Stress Analysis, 556 Strain Analysis, 559 Two-Dimensional Stress-Strain Systems, 560 Rock Deformation, 561 Hooke’s Law, 562 Stressstrain Diagrams, 571 The Mohr Diagram, 574 Dynamic Elastic Properties, 577 Rock Strength and Hardness, 580 Rock Hardness, 584 Compressibility of Porous Rocks, 586 Pore Compressibility, 586 Effectiveness of Pore Pressure in Countering Stress, 591 Effect of Pore Compressibility on Reserves Calculations, 594 Converting Lab Data to Reservoir Data, 596 Effect of Stress on Porosity, 600 Effect of Stress on Permeability, 603 Effect of Stress on Resistivity, 604 Porosity-Permeability-Stress Relationship, 606 Effect of Stress on Fracturing, 62 1 Effect of Stress on Core Data, 599 Effect of Poisson’s Ratio on Fracture Gradient, 621 FG for Offshore Wells, 626 Effect of Poisson’s Ratio on Fracture Dimensions, 632 In-Situ Stress Distribution, 637 Effect of Stress Change on Rock Failure, 643 Change in Stress Field Due to Depletion and Repressurization, 644 Stress Relationship at the Wellbore, 645 Estimating Critical Borehole Pressure in Vertical Wells, 646 Critical Borehole Pressure in Horizontal Wells, 647 Critical Pore Pressure, 649 Example of a North Sea Reservoir, 650 Porosity as Strength Indicator to Evaluate Sand Production, 653 Problems, 659 Nomenclature, 664 Subscripts, 664 Greek Symbols, 665 References. 666 xii
CHAPTER 10 Fluid-Rock Interactions。。·。。。。。。。。。。。。·。。。。·。671 Importance of Near-Wellbore Permeability,671 Nature of Permeability Damage,674 Origin of Permeability Damage,675 Types of Permeability Damage,677 Effect of Fines Migration on Permeability,685 Types and Sizes of Fines,686 Fines Migration,695 Migration of Foreign Solids,709 Critical Velocity Concept,709 Entrainment and Surface Deposition,710 Entrainment and Plugging,714 Identification of Permeability Damage Mechanisms,719 Permeability Damage from Foreign Solids,720 Permeability Damage from Formation Fines,726 Effect of Water Quality on Permeability,731 External Filter Cake Buildup,734 Internal Filter Cake Buildup,736 Injectivity Decline from Plugging of Perforations,740 Impairment from Wellbore Fillup,742 Membrane Filtration Tests,744 Core Filtration Tests,747 Problems,756 Nomenclature,757 Subscripts,758 Symbols,758 References,759 APPENDIX Measurement of Rock and Fluid Properties.......763 EXPERIMENT 1 Fluid Content of Rocks by the Retort Method。。。。·。。·。。764 Introduction,764 Equipment and Procedures,765 Equipment,765 Retort Specimen,765 Retort Calibration,766 Retorting,766 Sample Calculations,766 Retort Calibration,766 Results from the 'Test Specimen,767 Saturation Calculations,767 Questions and Problems,767 References,768 xiii
CHAPTER 10 Fluid-Rock Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 Importance of Near-Wellbore Permeability, 67 1 Nature of Permeability Damage, 674 Origin of Permeability Damage, 675 Types of Permeability Damage, 677 Effect of Fines Migration on Permeability, 685 Types and Sizes of Fines, 686 Fines Migration, 695 Migration of Foreign Solids, 709 Critical Velocity Concept, 709 Entrainment and Surface Deposition, 710 Entrainment and Plugging, 714 Identification of Permeability Damage Mechanisms, 7 19 Permeability Damage from Foreign Solids, 720 Permeability Damage from Formation Fines, 726 Effect of Water Quality on Permeability, 73 1 External Filter Cake Buildup, 734 Internal Filter Cake Buildup, 736 Injectivity Decline from Plugging of Perforations, 740 Impairment from Wellbore Fillup, 742 Membrane Filtration Tests, 744 Core Filtration Tests, 747 Problems, 756 Nomenclature, 757 Subscripts, 758 Symbols, 758 References, 759 APPENDIX Measurement of Rock and Fluid Properties . . . . . . .763 EXPERIMENT 1 Fluid Content of Rocks by the Retort Method. . . . . . . 764 Introduction, 764 Equipment and Procedures, 765 Equipment, 765 Retort Specimen, 765 Retort Calibration, 766 Retorting, 766 Sample Calculations, 766 Retort Calibration, 766 Results from the Test Specimen, 767 Saturation Calculations, 767 Questions and Problems, 767 References, 768 xiii
EXPERIMENT 2 Measurement of Saturation by Extraction。。。。。··。。·。。769 Introduction,769 Equipment and Procedures,770 Sample Calculations,771 Questions and Problems,771 References,772 EXPERIMENT3 Density,Specific Gravity,and API Gravity。。。·。。·。。··。773 Introduction,773 Equipment and Procedures,774 Measurement of API Gravity,774 Westphal Balance,775 Questions and Problems,776 References,776 EXPERIMENT4 Specific Gravity of Gases。·。。 777 Introduction,777 Equipment and Procedures,777 Sample Calculations,779 Questions and Problems,779 References,779 EXPERIMENT5 Viscosity。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。.780 Introduction,780 Equipment and Procedures,780 Cannon-Fenske Viscometer,781 Questions and Problems,783 References,783 EXPERIMENT6 Fluorescence·。。。··。··。。···。··784 Introduction,784 Equipment and Procedures,785 Questions and Problems,786 References,786 EXPERIMENT7 Absolute and Effective Porosity。·。.·。··。·。。····,787 Introduction,787 Equipment and Procedures,788 Absolute Porosity from Grain Volume,788 Grain and Bulk Volumes,789 xiv
EXPERIMENT 2 Measurement of Saturation by Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . 769 Introduction, 769 Equipment and Procedures, 770 Sample Calculations, 771 Questions and Problems, 771 References, 772 EXPERIMENT 3 Density, Specific Gravity, and API Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 Introduction, 773 Equipment and Procedures, 774 Measurement of API Gravity, 774 Westphal Balance, 775 Questions and Problems, 776 References, 776 EXPERIMENT 4 Specific Gravity of Gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .777 Introduction, 777 Equipment and Procedures, 777 Sample Calculations, 779 Questions and Problems, 779 References, 779 EXPERIMENT 5 Viscosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .780 Introduction, 780 Equipment and Procedures, 780 Cannon-Fenske Viscometer, 78 1 Questions and Problems, 783 References, 783 EXPERIMENT 6 Fluorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784 Introduction, 784 Equipment and Procedures, 785 Questions and Problems, 786 References, 786 EXPERIMENT 7 Absolute and Effective Porosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787 Introduction, 787 Equipment and Procedures, 788 Absolute Porosity from Grain Volume, 788 Grain and Bulk Volumes, 789 xiv
Effective Porosity,790 Summary,790 Porosity Measurement by Mercury Injection,790 Porosity Measurement by Gas Compression/Expansion,791 Statistical Evaluation of Porosity Data,794 Questions and Problems,797 References,797 EX P ERIMENT 8 Particle Size Distribution。。。。。 Introduction,798 Equipment and Procedures,798 Sieve Analysis Procedure,801 Questions and Problems,803 References,803 EX P E R IMENT 9 Surface Area of Sediments。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。804 Introduction,804 Equipment and Procedure,805 Questions and Problems,811 References,811 EXPERIMENT 10 Absolute Permeability。·。。·。。。。。,。··。813 Introduction,813 Equipment and Procedures,814 Absolute Permeability Using a Liquid,814 Absolute Permeability Using a Gas,815 Effect of Overburden Pressure on Absolute Permeability,817 Sample Calculations,817 Run1,818 Run2,818 Sample Calculation 1,819 Sample Calculation 2,820 Questions and Problems,820 References,821 EXPERIMENT 11 Verification of the Klinkenberg Effect。。。。。。。。。。。。。。822 Introduction,822 Equipment and Procedures,822 Sample Calculations,823 Experimental Data,823 Questions and Problems,825 References,825 XU
Effective Porosity, 790 Summary, 790 Porosity Measurement by Mercury Injection, 790 Porosity Measurement by Gas Compression/Expansion, 79 1 Statistical Evaluation of Porosity Data, 794 Questions and Problems, 797 References, 797 EXPERIMENT 8 Particle Size Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798 Introduction, 798 Equipment and Procedures, 798 Questions and Problems, 803 References, 803 Sieve Analysis Procedure, 80 1 EXPERIMENT 9 Surface AreaofSediments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804 Introduction, 804 Equipment and Procedure, 805 Questions and Problems, 81 1 References, 81 1 EXPERIMENT 10 Absolute Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813 Introduction, 813 Equipment and Procedures, 814 Absolute Permeability Using a Liquid, 814 Absolute Permeability Using a Gas, 8 15 Effect of Overburden Pressure on Absolute Permeability, 817 Run 1,818 Run 2,818 Sample Calculation 1, 819 Sample Calculation 2, 820 Sample Calculations, 817 Questions and Problems, 820 References, 82 1 EXPERIMENT 11 Verification of the Klinkenberg Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822 Introduction, 822 Equipment and Procedures, 822 Sample Calculations, 823 Experimental Data, 823 Questions and Problems, 825 References, 825 xu
EX PERIMENT 12 Relative Permeability。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。826 Introduction,826 Steady-State Method,827 Unsteady-State Method,828 Equipment and Procedures,828 Questions and Problems,833 References,834 EX PE RIMENT 13 Basic Well Log Petrophysical Parameters。。。。。。 ···。。。835 Introduction,835 Equipment and Procedures,837 Resistivity of the Formation Water,837 Rock Resistivity Saturated with Brine,837 Sample Calculations,839 Questions and Problems,840 References,840 EXPERIMENT 14 Surface and Interfacial Tensions。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。841 Introduction,841 Equipment and Procedures,841 Sample Calculations,844 Questions and Problems,844 References,845 EX P ERI MEN T 15 Capillary Pressure。·。。。。。。。。。。。·。。·。。。。。。。。846 Introduction,846 Equipment and Procedures,847 Core Preparation for Capillary Pressure Measurement,847 Mercury Injection Method,848 Porous Diaphragm Method,848 Centrifuge Method,850 Sample Calculations,856 Questions and Problems,858 References,861 EXPERIMENT 16 Pore Size Distribution.·。··。。,··。。。。··。。。。·。.862 Introduction,862 Equipment and Procedures,863 Sample Calculations,864 Questions and Problems,864 References,865 xvi
EXPERIMENT 12 Relative Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826 Introduction, 826 Steady-State Method, 827 Unsteady-State Method, 828 Equipment and Procedures, 828 Questions and Problems, 833 References, 834 EXPERIMENT 13 Basic Well Log Petrophysical Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . 835 Introduction, 835 Equipment and Procedures, 837 Resistivity of the Formation Water, 837 Rock Resistivity Saturated with Brine, 837 Sample Calculations, 839 Questions and Problems, 840 References, 840 EXPERIMENT 14 Surface and Interfacial Tensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841 Introduction, 841 Equipment and Procedures, 84 1 Sample Calculations, 844 Questions and Problems, 844 References, 845 EXPERIMENT 15 Capillary Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . 846 Introduction, 846 Equipment and Procedures, 847 Core Preparation for Capillary Pressure Measurement, 847 Mercury Injection Method, 848 Porous Diaphragm Method, 848 Centrifuge Method, 850 Sample Calculations, 856 Questions and Problems, 858 References, 861 EXPERIMENT 16 Pore Size Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862 Introduction, 862 Equipment and Procedures, 863 Sample Calculations, 864 Questions and Problems, 864 References, 865 xvi