and rock-fluid interactions-which are presented in the eight chapters of the book-are included in an Appendix. In addition to detailed experimental procedures,the authors have included examples for each experiment.Although this book was primarily organized and prepared for use as a textbook and laboratory manual,it also will serve as a reference book for petroleum engineers and geologists,and can be used in petrophysical testing laboratories.It is the first comprehensive book published on the subject since 1960 (J.W.Amyx,D.M.Bass,Jr.,and R.L.Whiting, Petroleum Reservoir Engineering,McGraw-Hill,New York,NY).The book also can serve as the basis for the advancement of theories and applications of petrophysics as the technology of petroleum engineering continues to improve and evolve.This unique book belongs on the bookshelf of every petroleum engineer and petroleum geologist. Djebbar Tiab Erle C.Donaldson George V.Cbilingar xxii
and rock-fluid interactions-which are presented in the eight chapters of the book-are included in an Appendix. In addition to detailed experimental procedures, the authors have included examples for each experiment. Although this book was primarily organized and prepared for use as a textbook and laboratory manual, it also will serve as a reference book for petroleum engineers and geologists, and can be used in petrophysical testing laboratories. It is the first comprehensive book published on the subject since 1960 (J. W. Amyx, D. M. Bass, Jr., and R. L. Whiting, Petroleum Reservoir Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY). The book also can serve as the basis for the advancement of theories and applications of petrophysics as the technology of petroleum engineering continues to improve and evolve. This unique book belongs on the bookshelf of every petroleum engineer and petroleum geologist. Djebbar Tiab Erle C. Donaldson George I? Chilingar xxii
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION This second edition of Petropbysics has been designed to amplify the first volume (from 8 to 10 chapters)and comply with suggestions from colleagues and numerous readers who were generous in taking time to convey their advice. Readers will find that the first chapter,an introduction to mineralogy,has been considerably amplified to assist in better recognition of the multitude of minerals and rocks.There was no noticeable change to Chapter 2 (Introduction to Petroleum Geology),Chapter 7(Applications of Darcy's Law),or Chapter 10 (Fluid-Rock Interactions). Chapter 3 (Porosity and Permeability)underwent major changes.The following topics were added:concept of flow units,directional permeability, correlations between horizontal and vertical permeability,averaging techniques, Dykstra-Parsons coefficient of permeability variation,effective permeability from cores and well test data,and several more examples.Chapter 4 (Formation Resistivity and Water Saturation)was amplified,mainly to include the characterization and identification of flow units in shaly formations,and more examples.Chapter 5 of the first edition was divided into two new chapters: Chapter 5(Capillary Pressure)and Chapter 6 (Wettability),because of the large amount of work that has been conducted on wettability since the publication of the first edition.Capillary pressure and wettability are,however,bound together because much of the basis for various tests and theories of wettability and its impact on oil recovery is based on capillary pressure behavior as a function of fluid saturation.It seems natural,therefore,that a thorough understanding of capillary pressure is necessary for the study of wettability. Chapter 8 (Naturally Fractured Reservoirs)is a new chapter.Practically all readers who contacted us suggested that we include a more detailed discussion of the petrophysical aspects of naturally fractured rocks.The main topics covered in this chapter are:geological and engineering classifications of natural fractures,indicators of natural fractures,determination of fracture porosity and permeability,fracture intensity index,porosity partitioning coefficient,and effect of fracture shape on permeability.A new concept of hydraulic radius of fracture is introduced in this chapter.Methods for determining the fracture storage capacity and inter-porosity from well test data are briefly discussed. Several important topics were added to Chapter 9 (Effect of Stress on Reservoir Rock Properties):the effect of change in the stress field due to xx谁
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION This second edition of Petrophysics has been designed to amplify the first volume (from 8 to 10 chapters) and comply with suggestions from colleagues and numerous readers who were generous in taking time to convey their advice. Readers will find that the first chapter, an introduction to mineralogy, has been considerably amplified to assist in better recognition of the multitude of minerals and rocks. There was no noticeable change to Chapter 2 (Introduction to Petroleum Geology), Chapter 7 (Applications of Darcy’s Law), or Chapter 10 (Fluid-Rock Interactions). Chapter 3 (Porosity and Permeability) underwent major changes. The following topics were added: concept of flow units, directional permeability, correlations between horizontal and vertical permeability, averaging techniques, Dykstra-Parsons coefficient of permeability variation, effective permeability from cores and well test data, and several more examples. Chapter 4 (Formation Resistivity and Water Saturation) was amplified, mainly to include the characterization and identification of flow units in shaly formations, and more examples. Chapter 5 of the first edition was divided into two new chapters: Chapter 5 (Capillary Pressure) and Chapter 6 (Wettability), because of the large amount of work that has been conducted on wettability since the publication of the first edition. Capillary pressure and wettability are, however, bound together because much of the basis for various tests and theories of wettability and its impact on oil recovery is based on capillary pressure behavior as a function of fluid saturation. It seems natural, therefore, that a thorough understanding of capillary pressure is necessary for the study of wettability. Chapter 8 (Naturally Fractured Reservoirs) is a new chapter. Practically all readers who contacted us suggested that we include a more detailed discussion of the petrophysical aspects of naturally fractured rocks. The main topics covered in this chapter are: geological and engineering classifications of natural fractures, indicators of natural fractures, determination of fracture porosity and permeability, fracture intensity index, porosity partitioning coefficient, and effect of fracture shape on permeability. A new concept of hydraulic radius of fracture is introduced in this chapter. Methods for determining the fracture storage capacity and inter-porosity from well test data are briefly discussed. Several important topics were added to Chapter 9 (Effect of Stress on Reservoir Rock Properties): the effect of change in the stress field due to xxiii
depletion and repressurization,stress and critical borehole pressure in vertical and horizontal wells,critical pore pressure,and estimation of unconfined compressive rock strength from porosity data. The Appendix,covering petrophysics laboratory experiments,is essentially the same because the basic methods for the experimental study of petrophysics have not changed very much.A recently developed general method for calculation of relative permeability,however,was included in Experiment 12. The procedure is applicable to both constant rate and constant pressure unsteady state displacement. Djebbar Tiab Erle C.Donaldson xxiv
depletion and repressurization, stress and critical borehole pressure in vertical and horizontal wells, critical pore pressure, and estimation of unconfined compressive rock strength from porosity data. The Appendix, covering petrophysics laboratory experiments, is essentially the same because the basic methods for the experimental study of petrophysics have not changed very much. A recently developed general method for calculation of relative permeability, however, was included in Experiment 12. The procedure is applicable to both constant rate and constant pressure unsteady state displacement. Djebbar Tiab Erle C. Donaldson xxiv
UNITS Units of Area acre=43,540ft2=4046.9m2 ft2=0.0929m2 hectare 10,000 m2 Constants Darcy 0.9869 mm2 Gas constant=82.05(atm×cm3)/(gmol×K) =10.732(psi×fi3)/(Ib mol×R) =0.729(atm×ft3)/(Ib mol×R) Mol.wt.of air =28.97 Units of Length Angstrom=1×10-8cm cm=0.3937in. ft=30.481cm in.=2.540cm km 0.6214 mile m=39.370in.=3.2808ft Units of Pressure atm =760 mm Hg(0C)=29.921 in.Hg 14.696 psi atm 33.899 ft water at 4C bar=14.5033psi=0.987atm=0.1MPa dyne/cm2=6.895 kPa (kilopascal) ft water =0.4912 psi kg(force)/cm2=14.223 psi psi 2.036 in.Hg (0C)=6.895 kPa XXU
UNITS Units of Area acre = 43,540 ft2 = 4046.9 m2 ft2 = 0.0929 m2 hectare = 10,000 m2 Constants Darcy = 0.9869 mm2 Gas constant = 82.05 (atm x cm3)/(g mol x K) = 10.732 (psi x ft3)/(lb mol x OR) = 0.729 (atm x ft3)/(lb mol x OR) Mol. wt. of air = 28.97 Units of Length Angstrom = 1 x IO-' cm cm = 0.3937 in. ft = 30.481 cm in. = 2.540 cm km = 0.6214 mile m = 39.370 in. = 3.2808 ft Units of Pressure atm = 760 mm Hg (OOC) = 29.921 in. Hg = 14.696 psi atm = 33.899 ft water at 4°C bar = 14.5033 psi = 0.987 atm = 0.1 MPa dyne/cm2 = 6.895 kPa (kilopascal) ft water = 0.4912 psi kg(force)/cm2 = 14.223 psi psi = 2.036 in. Hg (OOC) = 6.895 kPa xxu
Units of Temperature Degrees Fahrenheit(F)=1.8C+32 Degrees Rankine(°R)=459.7+°F Degrees Kelvin(K)=273.16+C Units of Volume acre-ft=43,560f3=7,758.4bbl=1.2335×103m3 bbl=42 US gal=5.6145ft3=0.1590m3 cuft(t3)=7.4805gal=0.1781bbl=0.028317m3 cuin.(in3)=16.387cm3 cu m (m3)=6.2898 bbl gal=231in3=3785.43cm3 molarity mass of solute equal to the molecular weight per 1,000 grams of solvent normality equivalent weight of solute per 1,000 grams of solvent (mass of solute equal to the molecular weight divided by the valence per 1,000 g of solvent) xxvi
Units of Temperature Degrees Fahrenheit (OF) = 123°C + 32 Degrees Rankine (OR) = 459.7 +OF Degrees Kelvin (K) = 273.16 +"C Units of Volume acre-ft = 43,560 ft3 = 7,758.4 bbl = 1.2335 x lo3 m3 bbl = 42 US gal = 5.6145 ft3 = 0.1590 m3 cu ft (ft3) = 7.4805 gal = 0.1781 bbl = 0.028317 m3 cu in. (in3) = 16.387 cm3 cu m (m3) = 6.2898 bbl gal = 231 in3 = 3785.43 cm3 1,000 grams of solvent of solvent (mass of solute equal to the molecular weight divided by the valence per 1,000 g of solvent) molarity = mass of solute equal to the molecular weight per normality = equivalent weight of solute per 1,000 grams