空间拓扑关系的描述 – 四元交模型（4I模型） – 九元交模型（9I模型） – 基于Voronoi图的九元交模型（V9I模型） 空间拓扑关系的表达 空间拓扑关系的计算与查询 时空拓扑关系及其应用 空间方向关系的描述
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一、M:数字高程模型DEM( Digital Elevation Model); 二、DTM:数字地形模型(Digital Terrain 三、DEM表达方法:包括网格、等高线、三角网等,并可相互转换
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3. Adjustment, Filtering, and Smoothing-----Overview
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1.1 Data Handling 1. 2 Cycle Slip Detection and Repair
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This is a Geodetic Control Test Field located at L Radial Surveying( Cartwheel): Madison County, Central Ohio. lial Surveys: one receiver at a fixed 2 Madison County High Altitude Test Range site, and measuring lines from this fixed
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1.1 Terminology Definitions 3. Point Positioning ys. Relative positioning The coordinates of a single point are determined when 1. Code Range vs, Carrier Phase Code measurements(meter level) Carrier phase measurements(millimeter range). Single point positioning
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1.1 Point Positioning with Code ranges Epoch at t Additional Satellites(Simultaneously): L Code Range Observation Equatio
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1. 1 Error Categories 1. Errors related to GPs Satellites 2. Errors related to GPS signal propagation
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1.1 Physical Fundamentals This attenuation is usually expressed in decibels (dB). By definition, an attenuation of n dB means signal propagation from the that the original field strength is decreased by ite to the user by means of factor of 10-0In electromagnetic waves. Such waves Physical quantities
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