born in Berlin, Germany, in 1886 1903-1908, studied philosophy and psy. at the Uni.of Edinburgh in Scotland and Uni. of Berlin. 1910, went to work as assistants to Friedrich Schumann at the Psychological Institute in Frankfurt 1924, went to America and worked in Connel Uni., Wisconsin Uni. And Smith College till his death. Koffka introduced it to the United States and systematized Gestalt psychology into a coherent body of theories

“Any subject can by taught effectively to any child at any stage of development

“If I had to reduce all educational psychology just one principle, I would say this: The most important single factor influencing learning is what the learner already knows. Ascertain this and teach him accordingly

The primary purpose of school is to give students the skills and knowledge necessary for them to function effectively as adults in reality

A concept is a category under which specific elements may be grouped.e.g. a red ball, a red pencil, and a red chair are all instances of the simple concept “red”. An “even number” is defined as any integer（整数） that is divisible by two without a remainder, and that an “odd number” is one that is not evenly(均匀地） divisible by two

Constructivism are based on the idea that, unlike a computer disk or an empty container, students do not wait passively to be filled up with knowledge. Rather, students actively build, or construct, their own knowledge.Teachers cannot entirely control their students’ learning, expert teachers can do much to facilitate students’ own active learning processes. (Cobb,2000)

The educator’s job is not increase motivation per se(本身）but to discover, initiate, and sustain student’s motivation to learn, and to engage in activities that lead to learning

Moral development is the process by which individuals acquire a sense of right and wrong, to use in evaluating their own actions and the actions of others

Learning strategies are specific methods of learning information that help them learn and remember things. The four commonly observed trends in the development of learning strategies

第一节化学教学论的设课目的和任务 化学教学论是研究化学教育教学规律及 其应用的一门学科，使高等师范学院化学系 学生的必修课之一