所谓产品，是指提供给市场的、用于满足人们某种欲 望和需要的东西，包括实物、服务、地点、组织、创 意、人员等。 注：市场营销中产品的概念已经远远超过了传统的有 形实物的范围，它更强调产品的整体概念

1.产品生命周期概念及基本形态 产品生命周期是指一种产品从进入市场开始，直到 最终退出市场为止所经历的全部时间。产品生命周期是 指产品的市场寿命，而不是产品本身的寿命或产品的使 用寿命。根据产品在生命周期销售额和利润额的变化， 一般将产品生命周期分为四个阶段：

第四章 企业经营思想与战略 第五章 市场营销 第六章 财务管理 第七章 人力资源开发与管理 第八章 企业文化

第九章、生产过程组织 第十章、质量管理 第十一章 企业物流与设备管理 第十二章、管理信息系统导论 第十三章 中小企业发展及管理

第一章 企业与企业组织 第二章 管理与企业管理 第三章 企业管理环境

What Are We Doing in this Chapter? We expand our basic consumer choice framework to include the possibility that consumers can sell something to generate income. Again, in terms of theoretical framework, nothing is new

What Are We Doing in this Chapter? We take a further look at the comparative statics of demand function with respect to prices; We divide the changes in demand due to price changes into two effects:

What Is the Question of the Chapter? Suppose we observe a collection of a consumer’s choices, can we discover his/her preference? Is this possible at all? If so, under what conditions is this possible? (This is the reverse question of finding the optimal choice)

What Do We Do in This Chapter? We conduct comparative statics analysis of ordinary demand functions -- the study of how ordinary demands

Where Are We Doing in This Chapter? After modeling a consumer’s choice set and his preference (represented by utility functions), we now put them together and model how he/she makes optimal choice. In mathematical terms, this is a constrained maximization problem; In economics, this is a rational choice problem