In the chapter we shall develop a method for representing a sinusoidal forcing function or a sinusoidal response by a complex number called a phasor transform,or simply a phasor. By working with phasors we shall effect a truly remarkable simplification in the steady state sinusoidal analysis of general circuits

In the chapter we shall study the properties of second-order circuits, i.e., circuits containing two energy-storage elements. Such circuits will, in general, be characterized by second-order differential equations

In the chapter we shall introduce the study of circuits characterized by a single energy-storage element--a capacitor or a inductor. It will be shown that the equations describing such a circuit may be put in a form involving an unknown variable and its first derivative. Such an equation is referred to as a first-order differential equation, thus we shall refer to circuits which contain only a single energy-storage element as first-order circuits

In the chapter we shall introduce some two-terminal element which have properties, which are quite different than those of the resistor. These elements are the inductor and capacitor. The inductor and capacitor are passive elements, which are capable of storing and delivering finite amounts of energy

In this chapter we introduce a circuit element that is very important in circuit design, the operational amplifier.This element will be used extensively in the studies of future chapters. Here we consider its use with resistors only to perform the algebraic functions of multiplication, addition and subtraction

In the chapter we present resistive circuit analysis methods. The first is based on KCL and determines all the node-to-datum voltages in a given circuit and is known as node analysis. The second method, based on KVL, determines all loop current and is known as loop analysis. After discussing superposition, we will introduce Thevenin's and Norton's theorems

In the chapter, we shall define the basic active and passive circuit models, explain power conventions and determine when power is delivered and absorbed, state Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's law, determine the equivalent resistance of a passive circuit containing only resistors

18-7 General nonlinear resistor circuit

Find the root of the equation(x)=0

18-5 Combination of i-v characteristics 1. Series combination